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Flowers
Function
Contain the sexual
organs for the plant.
Produces fruit, which
protects, nourishes and
carries seeds.
Attracts insects for
pollination.
Basic Flower Structure
stigma carpel
gynoecium
locule style Flower is perfect
pollen Flower is monoecious
ovule ovary anther
filament stamen
androecium
petal
corolla
receptacle
sepal perianth
calyx Perianth is complete
pedicel
Parts of the Flower
Sepals
Outer covering of the
flower bud.
Protects the stamens
and pistils when
flower is in bud stage.
Collectively known as
the calyx.
Parts of the Flower
Petals
Brightly colored
Protects stamen &
pistils.
Attracts pollinating
insects.
Collectively called the
corolla.
Petal
Petals are used to attract insects into the flower, they may
have guidelines on them and be scented.
Stigma
Is covered in a sticky substance that the pollen grains will
adhere to.
Style
The style raises the stigma away from the Ovary to
decrease the likelihood of pollen contamination. It varies
in length.
Ovary
This protects the ovule and once fertilization has taken
place it will become the fruit.
Ovule
The Ovule is like the egg in animals and once
fertilization has taken place will become the seed.
Receptacle
This is the flower's attachment to the stalk and in
some cases becomes part of the fruit after fertilization
e.g. strawberry.
Flower stalk
Gives support to the flower and elevates the flower for the
insects.
Nectary
This is where a sugary solution called nectar is held to
attract insects.
Sepal
Sepals protect the flower whilst the flower is developing
from a bud.
Filament
This is the stalk of the Anther.
Anther
The Anthers contain pollen sacs.
The sacs release pollen on to the outside of the
anthers that brush against insects on entering the
flowers.
Once the pollen is deposited on the insect..it is
transferred to the stigma of another flower.
The ovule is then able to be fertilized.
Male Parts Female Parts
Stamen Pistil Ovary
Anther Stigma Ovule
Filament Style
Pollen
Parts of the Flower (Stamen)
Male reproductive
part
Anther
Produces pollen
Filament
Supports the anther
Parts of the Flower (Pistil)
Female reproductive
part
Ovary
Enlarged portion at base
of pistil
Produces ovules which
develop into seeds
Stigma
Holds the pollen grains
Parts of the Flower (Pistil)
Style
Connects the stigma with the ovary
Supports the stigma so that it can be pollinated
Parts of the Flower
2 Types of flowers: Perfect vs. Imperfect
Imperfect- a flower that has either all male parts or all female parts
Perfect- a flower that has both male and female parts in the same flower
stigma carpel
Pistil is simple
gynoecium
locule style Flower is perfect
pollen Flower is monoecious
ovule ovary
anther
superior
filament stamen
Flower is hypogynous androecium
petal
corolla
sepal perianth
receptacle
calyx Perianth is complete
pedicel
Ovary Superior
Flower Hypogynous
Ovary Half-Inferior
Flower Epigynous
Ovary Inferior
Basic Flower Structure
stigma carpel
Pistil is simple
gynoecium
locule style Flower is perfect
pollen Flower is monoecious
ovule ovary
anther
superior
filament stamen
Flower is hypogynous androecium
petal
corolla
sepal perianth
receptacle
calyx Perianth is complete
pedicel
NUMBER OF FLOWER PARTS
NATURE OF FLOWERS
Regular: when members of each set of organs
the sepals, petals, stamens and pistils are of the
same size and shape
Irregular: when some members of one or more
sets of organs are different in size or shape or both
Irregular Flowers
1.Radial/actinomorphic:
one that can be divided into two equal halves
along any plane passing through the central axis.
2. Bilateral/zygomorphic:
one that can be divided only into
two equal parts by a median vertical cut.
Ovary Superior
Flower Hypogynous 1
Ovary Half-Superior
Flower Perigynous
1
Ovary Half-Inferior
Flower Epigynous
Ovary Inferior 1
TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Types Description
Ovary
wall
Funiculus
Locule
Ovule-Embryonic seed consisting of
integument(s) or the protective cell layer
surrounding the ovule and nucellus or
(megasporangium) which undergoes
sporogenesis via meiosis
Emrbyo sac-Female gametophyte
Ovary wall- The ovary wall is the wall of the ovary
of a flower which eventually develops variously
modified in the fruit wall or pericarp
Funiculus-Stalk by which ovule is attached to
placenta
Locule- Ovary cavity
Ovary-Ovule-bearing part of pistil
plant structure that develops into a seed when
fertilized. In gymnosperms (conifers and allies) the
ovules lie uncovered on the scales of the cone.
In angiosperms (flowering plants), one or more ovules
are enclosed by the ovary (portion of the carpel, or
female reproductive organ).
Each ovule is attached by its base to the stalk
(funiculus) that bears it.
A mature angiosperm ovule consists of a food tissue
covered by one or two future seed coats.
A small opening (the micropyle) in the integuments at
the apex of the ovule permits the pollen tube to enter
and discharge its sperm nuclei into the embryo sac, a
large oval cell in which fertilization and development
occur.
Variations in form and position of the ovule are
significant in plant classification: orthotropous ovules
stand out straight into the cavity of the ovary;
campylotropous ovules are at right angles to the
funiculus; anatropous ovules are directed back toward
the funiculus.
Intermediate forms also occur.
Tapetum
Pollen Sac
Pollen/Pollen grains- formed inside the anthers,
which are specialized parts of the stamens
Pollen sac- Each anther lobe contains two
longitudinal pollen sacs (or locules) within
which the pollen grains are produced. A single
vascular band extends from the filament into the
center of the connective and continues into the
anther.
Tapetum-The sporogenous tissue is delineated
from the anther wall by a single-layer of cells
designated as the tapetum. The cells of the
tapetum enlarge and develop a complex
ultrastructure, which indicates that they become
very active metabolically
The process by which living organisms
produce their offsprings for the continuity
of the species
One of the most important characteristic of
all living beings. It is the production of ones
own kind.
The modes of reproduction vary according
to individual species and available
conditions.
How are new plants formed?
(a) Asexual
(b) Vegetative
(c) Sexual
In Asexual mode of reproduction, offspring are
reproduced from a vegetative unit-produced by a
parent without any fusion of gametes or sex cells.
A single parent is involved
Offsprings are genetically identical to the parent.
Bryophyllum
Agave and Oxalis multicellular bodies called bulbils
develop near the flower. These are called bulbils which
when fall on the ground grow into new plant.
Agave bulbils
Oxalis
ARTIFICIAL METHODS
Cuttings : Many plants like rose, Bougainvillea,
Croton, Coleus, money plants, sugarcane etc. are grown
through their stem cuttings. Cuttings of these plants
can be grown even in water where they strike roots and
develop adventitious buds.
Layering : In this method, a lower branch of a plant is
bent down and covered with moist soil leaving the
growing tip above the soil. A ring of bark is removed from
the stem before it is bent down In a few weeks time when
enough roots have developed on the underground portion
above the ringed part, it is cut off from the parent plant
and grown separately as an independent plant.
Example: Jasmine, straw berry, grapevine, Bougainvillea
etc.
Aerial layering or Goatee is a similar practice where
bending of branches isnt possible because of the
height of plant or due to woody nature of stem. In this
method a ring of bark is removed from a selected
branch, and it is covered with moist moss and
enclosed in a polythene sheet when roots appear, the
stem is cut below the roots and planted to form a new
plant.
Grafting : It is especially important for propagation of seedless
varieties of plants. It consists of inserting a small branch into a
rooted plant.
The rooted plant taken as a stock is resistant to disease and is
physically sturdy. In this stock a branch is inserted which is known
as scion or graft. This scion or graft is the stem cutting from the
desired plant. Usually the grafted end of stock and scion fit well
with each other and are bound firmly with tape or rubber-band
until their tissues unite and vascular continuity is established.
Grafting is mostly practised in dicot plants. Grafting has been
found extremely useful in propagating improved varieties of
various flowers and fruits like rose, Bougainvillea, Citrus, mango,
apple etc.
Tissue culture
MICROPROPAGATION - The technique of plant tissues
culture is utilised for propagation of plants.
-A small piece of tissue, organ or even a single cell is taken from a
plant and is transferred to a sterilized container with nutrient
medium in aseptic conditions. The tissue grows very-very fast
into an unorganised mass, called callus.
-The callus can be maintained and multiplied for an indefinite
period. When small portions of the tissue are transferred to
another specialised medium with hormones, it induces
differentiation and plantlets (little plants) are formed.
-The plantlets can be transplanted into pots and or soil by a
gradual process and are grown to mature plants.
Advantages of micropropagation
By this method an indefinite number of identical
plants can be obtained vegetatively starting from a
small amount of parent tissue.
In orchids, carnations, Chrysanthemum and
Asparagus, micropropagation is being successfully
tried in some parts of our country.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
Advantages
-Rapid means of reproduction and spread.
- Offsprings identical to parent. The desired varieties
can thus be preserved genetically for use.
-Food storage organs allow perennation or survival in
adverse conditions.
-Improved varieties of ornamental plants and fruit trees
can be multiplied easily.
- Vegetative propagation is a quicker, easier and a less
expensive method of multiplying plants.
Disadvantages
-Overcrowding and competition for space unless
separated artificially.
-New varieties cannot be produced by this method
except by mutation.
- Diseases typical of the species are rapidly transmitted
and can decimate a crop.
Sexual reproduction involves fusion of male and
female reproductive cells
-(gametes) which are haploid produced by male and
female reproductive organs.
-This fusion is known as fertilization and results in
the production of a zygote (diploid). Further
development of zygote gives rise to a new
individual which is diploid.
REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS
(FLOWERING PLANTS)
Angiosperms reproduce both by vegetative as well as
by sexual methods. In this section we will study the
sexual reproduction in angiosperms.
As you know sexual reproduction occurs by fusion of
male and female gametes present in the flower.
Thus flower represents the reproductive unit of a
plant.
Angiosperms can be classified as annuals, biennials
and perennials depending upon the time they take to
complete the life cycle and flowering.
(a) Annuals eg. pea
(b) Biennials e.g. radish
(c) Perennials e.g. mango, peepal, neem etc.
(d) Monocarpic e.g. bamboo
Factors Affecting Flowering
Flowering in a plant is affected by temperature
(vernalisation) and light(photoperiodism).
Vernalisation : Low temperature treatment which
stimulates early flower formation is called
vernalisation.
Photoperiodism : It is the response in growth and
flowering of a plant to the duration of light and dark
period per day.
Sex in flowers : (flower, inflorescence, fruit and
families), that flowers may be bisexual (having both
stamens and carpels) or unisexual (staminate or
pistillate).
Angiosperms: Production of Male Gametophyte
Details follow
Angiosperms: Production of Male Gametophyte
Haploi Haploi
d d
Haploi Haploi
Angiosperms: Production of Male Gametophyte
Haploid Haploid
Haploid Haploid
Angiosperms: Production of Male Gametophyte
Haploi Haploi
d d
As anther matures, 4 microspores of a
tetrad separate from each other
Haploi
d
Haploi Haploi
From the point of view of the
d d
angiosperm life cycle, a pollen
grain is an immature male
gametophyte, since it has been
produced by the mitotic
division of a spore.
Haploi
d
Haploi
d
Mitosis
Pollen Grain
Angiosperms: Production of Female Gametophyte
Meiosis takes place inside the ovules, resulting in the production of female
spores.
Details follow
Angiosperms: Female Gametophyte
Only one of the haploid spores resulting from meiosis in the ovule
matures. It undergoes 2 rounds of mitosis to form the embryo sac,
which has 8 haploid nuclei.
Pollen grain
landing on
stigma of ovary
pollen tube
growth
Fertilization and Embryo Formation
THANK YOU!!!
Flower Structure - review Ranunculus acris - buttercup
Flower Formula: Symbol Sequence to Diagram Flower
Symmetry: *=radial =bilateral
* 5, 5, , 5
Number of Parts per Whorl:
sepals in calyx
petals in corolla
stamens in androecium
carpels in gynoecium