MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

By :
Prof. Dr. Tien R. Muchtadi
 DEFINITIONS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBRANE PROCESS
TYPES OF MEMBRANE
REJECTION COEFFICIENT
NOMINAL MW CUT-OFF
GENERAL MEMBRANE EQUATION
 INTRODUCTIONS
Effective product separation is crucial to economic operation
in process industries
However, certain types of materials are inherently difficult
and expensive to separate
Prominent examples include :
a. Finely dispersed solids, especially those which are compressible,
have a density close to that of the liquid phase, have high viscosity,
or are gelatinous
b. Low molecular weight, non-volatile organics or pharmaceuticals and
dissolved salts
c. Biological materials which are very sensitive to their physical and
chemical environment
 A membrane may be defined as an
interphase separating two phases and
selectively controlling the transport of
materials between those phases
Since 1960s a new technology using synthetics
membrane for process separations has been
rapidly developed by materials scientist,
physical chemist and chemical engineers
Such membrane separations have been widely
applied to a range of conventionally difficult
separation
 CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBRANE
PROCESSES
Industrial membrane process may be
classified according to the size range of
materials which they are to separate and the
driving force used in separations.
There is always a degree of arbitrariness about
such classification and the distinction which
are typically drawn are shown in Table. 1
 Table 1. Classifocation of membrane separation process for
liquid systems

Name of process Driving force Separation size Examples of

range materials
separated
Microfiltration Pressure gradient 10 0.1m Small particles,
large
colloids,microbial
cells

Ultrafiltration Pressure gradient < 0.1 m 5 nm Emulsions,

colloids,
macromolecules,
proteins
Reverse osmosis Pressure gradient < 5 nm Dissolved salts,
(hyperfiltration) small organics

Electrodialysis Electric field < 5 nm Dissolved salts

gradient

Dialysis Concentration < 5 nm Treatment of renal

gradient failure
 THE NATURE OF SYNTHETIC MEMBRANES

Membrane used for separation process are most commonly

made of polymeric materials
Membrane have most commonly been produced by a form of
phase inversion known as immersion precipitation
This process has four main steps :
The polymer is dissolved in a solvent to 10-30 per cent by weight
The resulting solution is cast on suitable support as film of thickness ~
100 m
The film is quenched by immersion in non-solvent bath, typically water
or an aqueous solution
The resulting membrane is annealed by heating
 GENERAL MEMBRANE EQUATION

The general membrane equation is an attempt

to state the factor which may be important in
determining the membrane permeation rate
for pressure driven processes
Form :
J= | P| - ||
(Rm + Rc + Rf)
 J : the membrane permeation rate (flux
expressed as volumetric rate per unit area)
P : the pressure difference applied across the
membrane (trans membrane pressure)
: the difference in osmotic pressure across
the membrane
Rm : the resistance of the membrane
Rc : the resistance of the layers depasited on
the membrane (filter cake, gel foulants)
Rf : the resistance of the film layer
 If the membrane is only exposed to pure solvent, exp
water the equation become :
J = |P|/Rm
For microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes
where solvent flow is most often essentially laminar
through an arrangement of tortous channels, this is
analogous to the Carman-Kozeny equation
Knowledge of such as water fluxes is useful for
characterising new membrane and also for assesing
the efectiveness of membrane cleaning procedures
 MEMBRANE PROCESS
MICROFILTRATION
ULTRAFILTRATION (U/F)
REVERSE OSMOSIS (R/O) OR HYPERFILTRATION (H/F)
MEMBRANE MODULES AND CONFIGURATIONS
MEMBRANE FOULING, FLUX RATE REDUCTION,
CLEANING AND PROCESS ECONOMICS
 MICROFILTRATION
Such filters use filter cloths as the
filtration medium and are limited to
concentrating particles above 5 m in
size
Dead end membrane microfiltration, in
which the particle containing fluid is
pumped directly through a polymeric
membrane, is used for industrial
clarification and sterilization of liquids
The advantage of cross-flow filtration over
conventional filtration are :
a. A higher overall liquid removal rate is
achieved by prevention of the formation of
an extensive filter cake
b. The process feed remains in the form of
mobile slurry suitable for further
processing
c. The solids content of the product slurry
may be varied over a wide range
d. It may be possible to fractionate particles
of different sizes
 Membrane
Permeate

Processing Retentate
feed
crossflow

Permeate

Figure 1. The Concept of Cross-Flow Filtration

Figure 2. Flow diagram for a simple cross-
flow system
 C

Membrane
permeation
b
rate

Time

Figure 3. The time-dependence of membrane permeation rate

duringcross-flow filtration : a. low cross-flow velocuty, b. increased
cross-flow velocity, c. back-fushing at the bottom of eachsaw-tooth
 MEMBRANE FOULING AND EFFECTS

MEMBRANE FOULING
FLUX RATE REDUCTION
CLEANING METHODS
PROCESS ECONOMICS : EFFECT OF FLUX RATE
REDUCTION AND MEMBRANE LIFE ON
OPERATING COSTS AND RETURN ON CAPITAL
INVESMENT
 ELECTRODIALYSIS
OUTLINE OF MEMBRANE OPERATION
MEMBRANE TYPE AND TRANSPORT
MECHANISM
APPLICATIONS
 LIQUID MEMBRANES
TYPES
OPERATING MECHANISM
PRODUCT RECOVERY
APPLICATIONS
 GAS SEPARATIONS
MECHANISM
TYPES OF MEMBRANE
APPLICATIONS
 CONCENTRATION OR GEL POLARISATION
MODEL
APPLICATION OF THE DESIGN MODEL TO THE
ULTRAFILTRATION CONCENTRATION AND
SEPARATION OF GEL FORMING PROTEIN
SOLUTION
CALCULATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
 APPLICATIONS OF MEMBRANE
TECHNOLOGY
FOOD PROCESSING AND ENGINEERING
BIOTECHNOLOGY, MEMBRANE REACTORS
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
PROCESS DEVELOPMENT
GROUP DISCUSSTION AND PROBLEM SOLVING
 TEKNOLOGI SEPARASI MEMBRAN

Proses pemisahan komponen berdasarkan

perbedaan berat dan ukuran molekul melalui
suatu membran semipermeabel, dimana akan
diperoleh komponen dengan ukuran molekul
besar akan tertahan (retentate) dan
komponen yang melewati membran
(permeate)
 KLASIFIKASI PROSES MEMBRAN

Berdasarkan pada driving force yang digunakan :

1.Mikrofiltrasi
2.Ultrafiltrasi
Paling banyak digunakan untuk
3.Reverse osmosis pengolahan produk pangan
4.Elektrodialysis
5.Dialysis
 What Is Reverse Osmosis?
Reverse osmosis, as form of water treatment, is a
technology in its infancy. The first membrane was
developed in 1958. In the years following, membrane
technology has grown a great deal and will continue to
grow in the future. In fact, some of the membranes that
are currently in use may be obsolete in a very short time,
in favor of some new membrane material that is more
resistant to a particular fouling contaminant.
The reverse osmosis membrane is used for various
applications from precious metal reclamation, to chemical
reclamation, food processing nuclear waste reclamation,
laboratory water purification, and on and on. We will limit
our discussion to water purification and its laboratory
applications.
To fully understand the technology of reverse osmosis, you
must first understand the concept of normal osmosis. Simply
put, in normal osmosis, water flows from a less
concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane
to a more concentrated solution (see figure 1). Reverse
osmosis utilizes pressure to reverse normal osmotic flow,
thus in reverse osmosis water flows from a more
concentrated solution across semipermeable membrane to a
less concentrated solution (see figure 2).
 BAHAN BAKU MEMBRAN
ULTRAFILTRASI
Polimer (misal Polisulfon,
Poliacrilonitril) dan keramik (Zirconium
oxide, Aluminium oxide)
Untuk memperoleh struktur membran
dgn karakteristik tertentu selain bahan
baku tadi juga diperlukan campuran
pelarut dan aditif
 Karakteristik membran ultrafiltrasi : nilai
MWCO (Molecular Weight Cut Off)
MWCO batas toleransi berat
molekul (BM) senyawa yang dapat
dipisahkan oleh suatu membran
MWCO 10,000 membran dapat
menahan (reject) sebanyak 95%
komponen-komponen dengan BM
10,000, sedangkan komponen-
komponen dengan BM lebih rendah
akan melewati membran
 Tabel 1. Aplikasi Teknik Separasi Membran
pada Pengolahan Produk Pangan
N Teknik Tujuan Proses Pustaka
o Proses
1 Mikrofiltrasi Penghilangan pektin pada sari Zakoer and Mc.
buah apel Lelan (1993)

2 Ultrafiltrasi Pemurnian isolat protein Debra and

kedelai Cheryan (1981)

3 Ultrafiltrasi Penyederhanaan proses Thomas, et.al.

produksi sari buah apel (1986)
4 Ultrafiltrasi Pemisahan komponen kasein Woychik et.,al
(1992)
5 Ultrafiltrasi Penurunan kandungan bakteri Tien and
pada kecap Chiang (1992)
6 Ultrafiltrasi & Pengembangan berbagai Lawhon, et., al
reverse osmosis produk tepung protein dari (1981)
kacang tanah
 CONTOH PERCOBAAN SEPARASI
MEMBRAN
Tujuan percobaan :
- Melakukan pembuatan membran ultrafiltrasi
dari polimer polisulfon
- Melakukan annealing untuk menghasilkan
membran dengan karakteristik tertentu
- Melakukan pengujian kinerja membran yang
diperoleh untuk memisahkan senyawa dekstran
(Dx) (BM = 71400) dan polietilen glikol (PEG)
(BM= 20000), dan
- Melakukan studi literatur apliaksi membran
yang dihasilkan pada pengolahan pangan
 BAHAN DAN ALAT
Bahan : polimer polisulfon (PS), pelarut
dimetyhl-acetamide (DMAC), aditif
nourmal methyl pirolidon (NMP),
dekstran (BM=71.400) dan polietilen
glikol (BM= 20000)

Alat : alat separasi membran, alat casting,

water bath, HPLC waters dan detektor
refraktometer
 METODOLOGI PERCOBAAN
Pembuatan membran (Gambar 4)
Pengujian karakteristik membran
proses annealing
proses separasi membran
Pengujian selektifitas membran
mengamati prosentase rejeksi komponen
dekstran dan polietilen glikol
Polimer Pelarut Aditif

Pencampuran

Pendiaman/relaxing

Casting Gambar 4. Diagram

Alir proses
Penguapan pembuatan membran

Koagulasi

Membran sheet
Prosentase rejeksi dihitung dengan rumus :

Rejeksi (%) = [ 1-Cp/Cf ] x 100 %

Dimana :
Cp = konsentrasi solute pada permeate
Cf = konsentrasi pada feed

Penentuan konsentrasi solute pada feed dan

permeate dilakukan dengan metode HPLC
menggunakan eluen aquadest, dgn flow rate 0.8
ml/menit dan volume injeksi 200 ml
Gambar Alat separasi membran skala
laboratorium

Keterangan :
A. Beaker geals pyrex
B. Tutup bagian atas
C. Tutup bagian bawah
D. Tutup pengatur tekanan
E. Aliran tekanan
F. Saluran bahan
G. Pengaduk magnetis
M. Modul membran ultrafiltrasi
O. Saluran pengeluaran
P. Disk Polietilen penyangga
membran
S. Pemanas/hot plate
 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Membran dari polisulfon, pelarut dimetil
acetamide (DMAc) dan aditif normal methyl
pirolidon (NMP) dengan rasio 22: 62,4:15,6
hanya cocok untuk memisahkan dekstran
dan senyawa lain dengan BM > 71400.
Dengan menghitung waktu annealing saat
persen 95% didapatkan MWCO membran
polisulfon 71400 dan waktu annealing
sebesar 6 menit.
 Annealing akan memperbesar daya
rejection

Peningkatan daya rejection diduga

akibat perendaman dalam air hangat
selama proses annealing sehingga pori-
pori membran lebih teratur dalam jarak
dan ukurannya
 Hasil analisis HPLC karakteristik membran campuran
polisulfon, DMAc, dan NMP pada perbadingan 22 : 62,4 :
15,6

Jenis feed Lama proses Peak area Peak area %

annealing pada feed pada rejection
permeate
1, PEG, Non annealing 16271913 4237323 73.96
BM = 20000 5 menit 16439954 2295437 86.03
15 menit 16641256 2161709 87.01
2. Dx, Non annealing 15075104 7099627 52.90
BM = 71400 5 menit 16433516 1503613 90.85
15 menit 16870494 527375 96.87
 Gambar 5. Hubungan antara waktu annealing dan %
rejection membran polisulfon terhadap dekstran (BM =
71400)

120

100 96.87
90.85
% rejection

80

60 y = 21.985x + 36.237
52.9
R2 = 0.8505
40

20

0
0 5 15
Waktu annealing (menit)
 APLIKASI MEMBRAN PADA
PENGOLAHAN PANGAN
Kelebihan metoda separasi membran :
Mampu memisahkan secara sempurna suatu campuran yang
terdiri dari komponen-komponen dengan berat molekul yang
berbeda-beda
Untuk memisahkan komponen bernilai ekonomis tinggi

Kelemahan :
Memerlukan biaya yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan dengan
cara ekstrasi ataupun distilasi konvensional
 Salah satu contoh komponen dgn nilai
ekonomis tinggi adalah ENZIM
Enzim : komponen protein (makromolekul)
dgn BM besar (104 109)
Proses imobilisasi menggunakan membran
untuk enzim dg BM > 71400
Proses imobilisasi secara fisik berarti
membran akan bersifat tidak permeable bagi
enzim sehinga enzim dapat didaur ulang
maupun dipalikasikan untuk proses produksi
secara kontinu (Gambar 6.)
 Substrat
Substrat + enzim Produk Produk
Enzim

Membran

Gambar 6. Prinsip separasi membran untuk imobilisasi

enzim
Tabel 2. Aplikasi proses separasi membran untuk imobilisasi
enzim secara fisik
Jenis Jenis enzim Karakteristik Jenis Jenis Pustaka
proses terimobilisasi membran retentat permeat
komponen komponen

Produksi Glukoamylase MWCO 5000 -Oligosaka Sirup Sims

sirup dari Baciluss rida glukosa and
glukosa lichenifor, mis -Glucoamy Cheryan
: termamyl lase (1992)

Produksi Protease dari MWCO 10 -protein Asam- Zhang

hidrolisat Aspergillus kDa -protease asam et al.
protein Oryzae amino (1996)

Hidrolisis - MWCO -laktosa Glukosa, Sheth et

laktosa galactocidase > 30000 - - galaktosa al.
dari galactocid (1988)
Aspergillus ase
oryzae
Karakteristik membran untuk imobilisasi enzim
tergantung pada :

1. Jenis enzim yang akan diimobilisasi

2. Jenis substrat yang diharapkan akan
tertahan (retentate) pada membran
3. Produk yang diharapkan melewati
(permeate) membran
 HASIL PERCOBAAN
1. Enzim yang akan diimobilisasi dan retentate
substrat memiliki berat molekul lebih dari
71400, dan
2. Produk hasil reaksi enzimatis (permeate)
memiliki berat molekul lebih kecil dari 71400