Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Custodio, Keyzel B.
Paa, Kimberly Anne H.
 independent
functions
variables Enthalpy, H
describes the Heat Capacity, C
System EOS measurable
property

q = CT Heat, q Work, w

Internal Energy

you cannot win

Law of Conservation of Energy 1st Law
U = q + w

Thermodynamics

Zeroth Law 2nd Law

Definition of temperature
Transitive Property (of Mathematics)
if A = B, B = C therefore A = C
3rd Law
you cannot get out of the game
attainment of lowest possible temperature
T = O Kelvin is NOT possible!
all thermal motion would cease if attained
 2nd Law Kelvin-Planck
Heat Engines
heat work
Carnot Cycle
No
Clausius hot cold
perfect
engines Ref, AC, Heat Pumps
heat transfer

Entropy, S
always increases
with time

S is the measure of molecular A reaction is spontaneous if it happens naturally.

disorder (chaoticness)
Spontaneity Spontaneous: wood + O2 CO2 + H2O

Will H2O and CO2 form wood? NO! (Non-Spontaneous)

Helmholtz Gibbs S
NS

Maxwell Relations
 Open

q (+)
energy w (+)
matter

describes the
Closed System

Surrounding
matter
energy

Isolated
(adiabatic)

matter
energy
 Polytropic

Isobaric
P=k
Isochoric
Isometric V=k

Isothermal T=k

1st Law applied to Processes Adiabatic q=0

adiabatic
Isentropic S=k
reversible

Isenthalpic or throttling H = k

Free
Expansion
W =0
 Isobaric PVn = k (n = 0) Charles Law

Isochoric
V = k (n = ) Amontons Law
Isometric

Isothermal n = 1 Boyles Law

Polytropic Adiabatic n = = Cp/Cv pg. 2-182, Perrys

C=k

Isobaric P=k (Cp and Cv)

pg. 2-156, Perrys
Isochoric
V=k
Isometric

Isothermal T=k

Adiabatic q=0
Calculate the change in molar Gibbs free energy (J/mol) of liquid water
treated as incompressible fluid when pressure is increased from 1.0bar
to 2.0bar at 298K.
v= m /
m = nMw
Given: Solution:
V=
Liquid water (18g/mol) G = - SdT + VdP
P1 = 1 bar = VdP
P2 = 2 bar
18 1000 105
T = 298 = 2 1
1000 /3
G = 1.8 J/mol
In a steady- state mixing process, 2kg/s of cold water at 15C is mixed with 1kg/s
of hot water at 80C. The process loses heat to the surroundings at a rate of
22KW. What is the temperature of the resulting mixture? Assume Cp water = 4.18
kJ/kg-C.
Given:
Cold water cw: Solution:
m = 2kg/s
T1 = 15 C - Qloss = Qgain
- (mCpdThw + 22) = mCpdTcw
Hot water hw: - {1

4.18
kJ
80 + 22} = 2

4.18
kJ
15
kgC kgC
m= 1kg/s
T1=80 C Tf = 34.9 C
Qloss = 22kW
Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg-C
How many degrees of freedom has a system of a liquid
solution of alcohol in water in equilibrium with its
vapor?
F=CP+2
=22+2
F=2
A carnot machine operates between a hot reservoir at 200C and a
cold reservoir at 20C. When it operates as an engine, it receives
1000 kJ/kg. Find the coefficient of performance (COP) when
operated as refrigerator.
COPR = Tc / (Th Tc)
293
= (273 293)

= 1.63
Nitrogen gas expands adiabatically from 9 bar and 100C to 2 bar, at a flowrate of
100mol/s. If the turbine efficiency is 0.80, calculate the power output of the turbine.
Assume that nitrogen is an ideal gas with Cp = (7/2)R.
Solution:
Given: k= 1.4; T2 = 242.80K
N2 gas
P1= 9 bar = +
P2 = 2 bar =
T1 = 100C
=
100mol/s
efficiency, = 0.80 100 7
= 8.314/ 242.8 373.15
2
adiabatic expansion W = 379, 305. 47
/(1)
2 2
=
1 1 = W
= 0.80 379.305
=