ELCIAN1

Lecture 01 Circuit Elements,

Variables and Parameters
Elmer R. Magsino, MS EE

ELCIAN1 - p1
Outline

Importance of this subject

Electric Circuits
Charge & Current
Voltage
Independent and Dependent Sources
Nodes, Branches, Loops

From Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by C. K. Alexander ELCIAN1 - p2

and M. N. O. Sadiku
Importance of this Subject

One of the FUNDAMENTAL theories

(electromagnetic theory) upon which all
branches of electrical engineering are
built.
Analysis of Circuits behavior of electric
circuits and use of different techniques

ELCIAN1 - p3
Electric Circuit
Is an interconnection of electrical
elements.
Three basic components
Source of electric energy
Medium of transfer of electric energy
User of electric energy

ELCIAN1 - p4
Electric Charge
Underlying principle for explaining all
electrical phenomena
Most basic quantity in an electric circuit
Examples
Getting shocked sometimes when touching
some things
Placing a balloon above our head
An electrical property of the atomic
particles which matter consists, measured
in coulombs (C).
ELCIAN1 - p5
 Charge
Recall: The Carbon atom
Building blocks are:
Proton, Electron and Neutron
1 e = 1.602 x 10-19C
#Ps = # Es = neutral
charge
Law of conservation of
charges charge can
neither be created nor
destroyed, only transferred.
http://www.universetoday.com/56469/atom-diagram/

ELCIAN1 - p6
Electric Current
Flow of electric charges.

A supply compels these atoms to move

Positive say to the right (convention we follow)
Negative say to the left (opposite the positive charge)

ELCIAN1 - p7
Electric Current
Mathematically, electric current is the time rate
of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).
dq Q
i A I
dt t
Coulomb
1 Ampere 1
sec
t
q idt
t0
ELCIAN1 - p8
 Direct and Alternating Currents
Direct current (DC) a current that remains
constant with time.
Represented with I
Any gadget with batteries,
cellphones, laptops
Alternating current (AC) a current that
varies sinusoidally with time.
Represented with i
Aircon, refrigerator
electric appliances ELCIAN1 - p9
Current flow conventions

ELCIAN1 - p10
Voltage

Electromotive force (EMF) a.k.a. voltage

or potential difference
The voltage between two points is the
energy (or work) needed to move a unit
charge from one point to another.

ELCIAN1 - p11
Voltage
Mathematically
dw
vab V
dq
w energy in Joules (J)
q charge in coulombs (C)
Joule Newton - meter
1volt 1 1
Coulomb Coulomb
ELCIAN1 - p12
Voltage

ELCIAN1 - p13
Sources or supplies

Two types of circuit elements

Active capable of generating energy
Passive is not capable of generating energy
or uses energy
For this course, we focus on voltage and
current sources that deliver power to the
circuit connected to them.

ELCIAN1 - p14
Independent source

Is an active element that provides a

specified voltage or current that is
completely independent of other circuit
variables.

ELCIAN1 - p15
Dependent source
Is an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or
current
Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
Current-controlled current source (CCCS)

ELCIAN1 - p16
Example

ELCIAN1 - p17
Some notes

Ideal voltage sources

Produce any current required to ensure that the
terminal voltage is as stated
Ideal current sources
Produce the necessary voltage to ensure the
stated current flow.

Could supply an infinite amount of energy.

ELCIAN1 - p18
Nodes, Branches and Loops
Network an interconnection of elements
or devices
Circuit a network providing one or more
closed paths

Branch represents a single element such

as voltage source or a resistor
Node the point of connection between
two or more branches
Loop any closed path in a circuit
ELCIAN1 - p19
Nodes, Branches and Loops

ELCIAN1 - p20
Network topology
Fundamental Theorem:
b l n 1
b number of branches
l number of loops
n number of nodes
Used in the study of voltages and currents
in a given circuit
ELCIAN1 - p21
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p22
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p23
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p24
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p25
Problem Solving
What type of dependent sources are shown below?

ELCIAN1 - p26
Problem Solving

How many branches, nodes and loops

does the circuit below have?

ELCIAN1 - p27
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p28
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p29
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p30