Impedance and Admittance

Objective of Lecture
Demonstrate how to apply Thvenin and Norton
transformations to simplify circuits that contain one or
more ac sources, resistors, capacitors, and/or
inductors.
Source Transformation
A voltage source plus one impedance in series is said to
be equivalent to a current source plus one impedance
in parallel when the current into the load and the
voltage across the load are the same.
Equivalent Circuits

Thvenin Norton
Vth = In Zn In = Vth/Zth
Example 1

First, convert the current source to a cosine function and then to a phasor.

I1 = 5mA sin(400t+50o) = 5mA cos(400t+50o-90o)= 5mA cos(400t-40o)

I1 = 5mA -40o
Example 1 (cont)
Determine the impedance of all of the components
when w = 400 rad/s.
In rectangular coordinates
Z C1 = j / wC1 = j /400rad / s 1F = j 2.5k
Z R1 = R1 = 3k
Z L1 = jwL1 = j (400rad / s )(0.3H ) = j120
Z L2 = jwL2 = j (400rad / s )( 2 H ) = j800
Z R2 = R2 = 5k
Z C2 = j / wC2 = j /400rad / s 0.7 F = j 3.57 k
Example 1 (cont)
Convert to phasor notation
Z C1 = 2.5k 90o
Z R1 = 3k0o
Z L1 = 12090o
Z L2 = 80090o
Z R2 = 5k0o
Z C2 = 3.57k 90o
Example 1 (cont)

Vth1 = I1Z C 1 = 5mA 40o 2.5k 90o

Vth1 = (5mA)2.5k 40o 90o
Vth1 = 7.5V 130o
Example 1 (cont)
Find the equivalent impedance for ZC1 and ZR1 in series.
This is best done by using rectangular coordinates for
the impedances. Z eq = Z R Z C = 3k j 2.5k
1 1 1

Z eq1 = 3k2 2.5k2 tan 1 2.5k 3k

Z eq1 = 3.91k 39.8o
Example 1 (cont)
Perform a Norton In1 = Vth1 /Zeq1
transformation.
In1 = 7.5V 130o 3.91k 39.8
o

In1 = 7.5V / 3.91k 130 39.8

o o

In1 = 1.92mA 90.2o

Z n1 = Z eq1
Example 1 (cont)
Since it is easier to combine admittances in parallel
than impedances, convert Zn1 to Yn1 and ZL1 to YL1. As
Yeq2 is equal to YL1 + Yn1, the admittances should be
written in rectangular coordinates, added together,
and then the result should be converted to phasor
notation.
Example 1 (cont)
Yn1 = 1 Z n1 = 0.256m 139.8o

Yn1 = 0.256m 1 cos 39.8o j sin 39.8o
Yn1 = 0.198 j 0.164 m 1
YL1 = 1 Z L1 = 8.33m 1 900
Yn1 = j8.33m 1
Yeq 2 = 0.198 j 0.164 m 1 j8.33m 1
Yeq 2 = 0.198 j8.17 m 1

Y eq2 = 0.1982 8.17 2 m 1 tan 1 8.17 0.198

Y eq2 = 0.817 m 1 88.60
Example 1 (cont)
Next, a Thvenin transformation will allow Yeq2 to be
combined with ZL2.
Example 1 (cont)
Vth2 = In1 / Y th2
1.92mA 90.2o
Vth2 =
8.17m 1 88.6o
Vth2 = 0.235V 1.6o
Example 1 (cont)
Z th2 = 1 / Y th2 = 12288.6 o

Z th2 = 122 cos 88.6o j sin 88.6 o
Z th2 = 2.98 j122
Z L2 = j800
Z eq3 = Z th2 Z L2
Z eq3 = 2.98 j122 j800
Z eq3 = 2.98 j 922

Z eq3 = 2.982 9222 tan 1 922 2.98

Z eq3 = 92289.8o
Example 1 (cont)
Perform a Norton transformation after which Zeq3 can
be combined with ZR2.
Example 1 (cont)
In2 = Vth2 Z eq3
0.235V 1.60
In2 =
92289.8 0

In2 = 0.255mA 91.40

Example 1 (cont)
Y eq4 = 1 / Z eq3 1 / Z R 2
Y eq4 = 1.08m 1 89.8o 0.2m 10o

Yeq 4 = 1.08m 1 cos( 89.8o ) j sin( 89.8o ) 0.2m 1
Yeq 4 = 0.204 j1.08m 1
Y eq4 = 1.10m 1 79.4o
Z eq4 = 90679.4o
Example 1 (cont)
YC 2
Use the IC 2 = In2
YC 2 Y eq 4
equation for
current YC 2 = 1 / Z C 2 = 0.280m90o
division to YC2 = j 0.280m
find the Yeq 4 = 0.204 j1.08m
0.280m90o
current IC 2 =
j 0.280m 0.204 j1.08m

0.255mA 91.40
flowing
0.280m90o
through ZC2 IC 2 =
0.204 j 0.8m

0.255mA 91.40
and Zeq4.
0.280m90o
IC 2 =
0.826m 75.7 o
0. 255mA
91.4 0

IC 2 = 86.0 A74.3o
Example 1 (cont)
Then, use Ohms Law to find the voltage across ZC2 and
then the current through Zeq4.
VC 2 = IC 2 Z C 2 = 86.0A74.3o 3.57k 90o
VC 2 = 0.309V 15.7 o
VC 2 = Veq4
Veq4 0.309V 15.7 o
Ieq4 = =
Z eq4 90679.4o
Ieq4 = 0.341mA 95.1o
Example 1 (cont)
Note that the phase angles of In2, Ieq4, and IC2 are all
different because of the imaginary components of Zeq4
and ZC2.
The current through ZC2 leads the voltage, which is as
expected for a capacitor.
The voltage through Zeq4 leads the current. Since the
phase angle of Zeq4 is positive, it has an inductive part to
its impedance. Thus, it should be expected that the
voltage would lead the current.
Electronic Response
Explain why the circuit on the right is the result of a
Norton transformation of the circuit on the left. Also,
calculate the natural frequency wo of the RLC network.
Summary
Circuits containing resistors, inductors, and/or
capacitors can simplified by applying the Thvenin
and Norton Theorems.
Transformations can easily be performed using currents,
voltages, impedances, and admittances written in
phasor notation.
Calculation of equivalent impedances and admittances
requires the conversion of phasors into rectangular
coordinates.
Use of the current and voltage division equations also
requires the conversion of phasors into rectangular
coordinates.