MENDELIAN

INHERITANCE

Rizka Apriani Putri, M.Sc

Dept. of Biology Education
YSU
rizka_apriani@uny.ac.id
Subtopics

Mendels Experiment
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortments
Punnett Square
#Probability Rules
#1 Mendels
Experiment
Some basic terminology:
Generations:

P = parental generation

F1 = 1st filial generation, progeny of the P generation

F2 = 2nd filial generation, progeny of the F1 generation (F3 and so on)

Crosses:

Monohybrid cross = cross of two different true-breeding strains

(homozygotes) that differ in a single trait.

Reciprocal cross = sexes for the two strains are reversed (and if the results
are the same, trait is not sex-linked).

Dihybrid cross = cross of two different true-breeding strains (homozygotes)

that differ in two traits.

*Genetics etiquette - female conventionally is written first

Mendels Experiments:
1. Began by self-fertilizing 34 different pea strains (phenotypes) so that
they bred true (selfing, the opposite of cross-fertilization).

2. Focused on 7 well-defined garden pea traits by crossing different

phenotypes one at a time:

Flower/seed coat color: purple vs. white flowers

grey vs. white seed coats
(*controlled by single gene)
Seed color: yellow vs. green
Seed shape: smooth vs. wrinkled
Pod color: green vs. yellow
Pod shape: inflated vs. pinched
Stem height: tall vs. short
Flower position: axial vs. terminal
3. Counted offspring of each phenotype and analyzed the results
mathematically.
Fig. 11.4, Mendels 7 garden pea characters.
 Steps in Mendels Experiment
Choosing the right species to hybridize Peas (Pisum
sativum)
Traits to observe narrowed down to 7 discrete traits
(Either .... Or .....)
Pure breeding make sure that each parental plant
will produce offsprings that have the same characters (w/
their parents when self crossing-- . Homozygotic plant)
Make sure there will be no cross polination between
group of different traits
Minimizing biases in experiment by carefully chosing the
right place to plant the peas for each trait to be observe
Crossing/ breeding in large number of plants
 Mendels experimental design
Each two of the differentiating characters enumerated above
were united by cross-fertilization. There were made for the
1st experiment 60 fertilizations on 15 plants. (seed form)
2nd experiment 58 fertilizations on 10 plants. (seed color)
3rd experiment 35 fertilizations on 10 plants. (seed coat/flower
coat)
4th experiment 40 fertilizations on 10 plants. (pea pod)
5th experiment 23 fertilizations on 5 plants. (pod color)
6th experiment 34 fertilizations on 10 plants. (flowers position)
7th experiment 37 fertilizations on 10 plants. (plant height)
(Mendel, 1865)
# Law of Segregation
- Monohybrid Crossing
Monohybrid Crossing
One trait, different type were crossed as
parents
e.g :
P Tall (TT) >< short (tt)
Monohybrid Crossing
One trait, different type were crossed as
parents
e.g :
P Tall (TT) >< short (tt)
gamet gamet
Monohybrid Crossing
One trait, different type were crossed as
parents
e.g :
P Tall (TT) >< short (tt)
gamet gamet
T t
- Separation of (TT) factors into T and T in
Gamet produced by one parent Law of
Segregation
Monohybrid Crossing
One trait, different type : as parents
e.g :
P Tall (TT) >< short (tt)
gamet gamet
T t
F1 Tt
(phenotype) Tall
Remember : Principle of Dominance, (T)
always superior to (t)
 F1 >< F1
P Tall (Tt) >< tall (Tt) Phenotype :
TT : tall Homozygous
gamet gamet Tt : Tall Heterozygous
Tt : short homozygous
T T
t t
F2 TT : Tt: tT : tt
TT : 2Tt : tt = 1 : 2 :1 (genotypic ratio)
3 : 1 ( phenotypic ratio)
 Further experiment :
Reciprocal Cross :
short (tt) >< Tall (TT)
Back Cross :
one parent >< F1
Test Cross
Filial (F1, F2 etc) >< Homozygous recessive
parents
 Law of Segregation
Mechanism of gene transmission
Gametogenesis: Fertilization:
alleles segregate alleles unite
Assignment #1 :
6 other traits
Monohybrid cross of each trait
followed by reciprocal cross, test cross
and back cross
# Law of Independent
Assortments
Dihybrid cross
What about two or more traits at the same time?

Mendel identified his second law of inheritance by following

two characters at the same time

Mendel was interested in determining whether factors

of 2 different traits segregate dependently or
independently

HOW :
By crossing two, true-breeding parents differing in two
characters produces dihybrids in the F1 generation,
heterozygous for both characters Dyhibrid cross
 It turned out that each factor of each trait

1. Segregates independently
2. Assorts/ groups with factor from different
trait also independently

Law of Independent Assortments

 Segregate then assort........
P TTYY >< ttyy
Segregation
Trait 1 : Height T t
T t
 Segregate then assort........
P TTYY >< ttyy
Segregation
Trait 1 : Height T t
T t
Trait 2 : Seed Y y
Colour Y y
 Segregate then assort........
P TTYY >< ttyy
Assortment
TY ty
TY ty
Segregate then assort........
P TTYY >< ttyy
Tall, Green short, yellow
Gamet TY ty

F1 TtYy
Tall, Green
 F1><FI
TtYy >< TtYy
Tall, Green Tall Green
F2 : 9 Tall, Green
3 Tall, Yellow
3 Short, Green
1 Short, Yellow
# Punnett Square
 The Punnett square is the standard way of
working out what the possible offspring of
two parents will be.
It is a helpful tool to show allelic combinations
and predict offspring ratios.

Discovered by Reginald Punnett hence the

name Punnett Square
The Punnett Square is used to illustrate
some of Mendels discoveries including
the segregation of DNA into different
gametes upon gamete formation.
The Punnett Square was designed as a
teaching tool and is still used in
classrooms today.
# Laws of Probability
in Genetics
Laws Of Probability - Multiplication Rule
The probability of two or more independent events
occurring together is the product of the probabilities that
each event will occur by itself

Following the self-hybridization of a heterozygous purple

pea plants (Pp), what is the probability that a given
offspring will be homozygous for the production of white
flowers (pp)?

Probability that a pollen seed will carry p:

Probability that an egg will carry p:

Probability that the offspring will be pp:

1/2 X 1/2 = 1/4
Laws Of Probability Govern Mendelian Inheritance

Mendels laws of segregation and

independent assortment reflect the rules of
probability
The multiplication rule
States that the probability that two or more
independent events will occur together is the
product of their individual probabilities
The rule of addition
States that the probability that any one of two or
more exclusive events will occur is calculated by
adding together their individual probabilities
Laws Of Probability - Addition Rule
The probability of either of two mutually exclusive events
occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities

Following the self-hybridization of a heterozygous purple

pea plant (Pp), what is the probability that a given
offspring will be purple?

Probability of maternal P uniting with paternal P: 1/4

Probability of maternal p uniting with paternal P: 1/4
Probability of maternal P uniting with paternal p: 1/4

Probability that the offspring will be purple:

1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 3/4
 Probability In A Monohybrid Cross
Can be determined using these rules
Rr Rr
Segregation of Segregation of
alleles into eggs alleles into sperm

Sperm

1 R 1 r
2 2

R R
1 R R r
2

1 1
4 4
Eggs

r r
1 r R r
2
1 1
4 4
Mendels conclusions modified to recent dev. Of
genetics
Genes are distinct entities that remain
unchanged during crosses
Each plant has two alleles of a gene
Alleles segregated into gametes in equal
proportions, each gamete got only one
allele
During gamete fusion, the number of
alleles was restored to two
 Summary of Mendels Principles
Mendels Principle of Uniformity in F1 Principle of Dominance

F1 offspring of a monohybrid cross of true-breeding strains resemble

only one of the parents.
Why? Smooth seeds (allele S) are completely dominant to wrinkled
seeds (alleles).

Mendels Law of Segregation:

Recessive characters masked in the F1 progeny of two true-breeding

strains, reappear in a specific proportion of the F2 progeny.
Two members (alleles) of a gene segregate (separate) from each other
during the formation of gametes.

Mendels Law of Independent Assortment:

Alleles for different traits assort independently of one another.

Genes on different chromosomes behave independently in gamete
production.
 Additional Terminology
Allele : alternative form of traits. Mendels chose seven
traits with either - or type. Most of genes (factors) in
organism can not be described only with two form as
Mendels used in his experiment
Homozygous : a word that refers to a particular
gene that has identical alleles on both homologous
chromosomes
Heterozygous: refers to a particular gene that has
non- identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes
 Next meeting : Extensions of Mendelian
Inheritance