Presented by:

Iftikhar Ahmed, Mustafa Khan , Alyas Ahmed,

Mubashir Shafiq and Fatima Noor
 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
Mustafa Khan
Alyas Ahmed
Mubashir Shafiq
Fatima Noor

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 Copyrights

All rights reserved

No portion of this Presentation may be
reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means without written permission of the
author[s]

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 ENZYMES
The Fountain of Life

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 Contents
Introduction to Enzyme
Active-Site of an Enzyme
Lock and Key mechanism/ Model
Activation Energy
How pH affects Enzyme Activity

Denaturation
Endoenzymes and Exoenzymes Enzymes

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 By the end of the Presentation you
should be able to:-

Explain enzymes as Globular Proteins which act as catalysts

Explain their catalytic action in terms of lowering activation
energy
Discuss factors affecting reaction rates and inhibition
How pH affects Enzyme activity
Know the difference between Intracellular and extracellular
enzymes

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 Introduction to Enzymes
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts
Enzymes are highly specific in action> Lock and Key Hypothesis>
determined by active site
Have a complex, specific, globular, 3-D structure shape
Molecules upon which enzymes may are called substrates
Usually end in ase e.g. maltase
Enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions> Activation energy
Small amounts of enzymes are capable of catalysing a large number of
reactions
Have an optimum working temperature and a pH> Denaturation ?
Enzymes are not destroyed by the reactions which that catalyse
Breaking down molecules> Digestive Enzymes>Examples?

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
Copyright 2017 Enzymes
Iftikhar Ahmed
 The Active Site of an Enzyme
Region of an enzyme where
substrate molecules bind and
undergo a chemical reaction
Change in pH<> the bonds
between amino acids in
the enzyme are effected<
change in shape> Denaturation

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 The Lock and Key Model
Bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule
Shape of Active site of an enzyme and the substrate is specific
Substrate fits into the active site< a key fits into a lock
Enzyme-substrate complex formed> Products are released
Active site is now free for other substrates>enzyme can be reused
Explains a high level of specificity of enzymes

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Iftikhar Ahmed Enzymes
 >>

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 Activation Energy

The energy needed to start a

chemical reaction
Enzymes speed up chemical reaction
Figure 1.5
in terms of lowering Activation
Energy
This is illustrated in Figure 1.5>>

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 What is meant by pH?
A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as the middle (neutral)
point.
The quantity of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions in a solution>
Determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 The effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Extreme pH or temperature< Denaturation
The structure of the enzyme is changed< The bonds of hydrogen ions disrupted
The active site is distorted and the substrate molecules will no longer fit in it
Optimum pH>?
Different optimum pH for different enzymes< e.g. pepsin (stomach) = pH 3,
trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

Most human enzymes work best in pH 6-8

Effect of pH on enzymes is illustrated in
Figure 1.6>>

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Iftikhar Ahmed Enzymes
 What happens when pH is increased
Enzymes have 3-D specific structure< Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and sometimes
quaternary structure??
pH increased< Shape altered

Rate of reaction decreases> non-Covalent Hydrogen bonds distorted < Chains of

amino acids
High pH<< Tertiary structure disrupted< Irreversible
Small changes in pH optimum< Reversible< Covalent Hydrogen bonds can be
reformed by special repair enzymes

pH increased<Intermolecular
and Intramolecular forces of
attraction are disrupted< Chains
of amino acids are broken
What happens to enzyme activity is
illustrated in Figure 1.7
Copyright 2017 Figure 1.7
Iftikhar Ahmed Enzymes
 Denaturation
Enzymes lose their SPECIFIC STRUCTURE> shape altered>stops working
Enzymes can be denatured by high temperatures and extremes of pH

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 Endoenzymes Exoenzymes
Intracellular Enzymes Extracellular Enzymes

Work inside the cells Work outside the cells

Digestive enzymes produced inside the
DNA polymerase, RNA
cells> work outside
polymerase and ATP synthetase
Lipase (Lipids), Proteases (Proteins) are
examples of Exoenzymes

e
e

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Iftikhar Ahmed Enzymes
 Exoenzymes

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed
 References
http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/images/07B.jpg
http://www.worthington-biochem.com/introbiochem/effectsph.html
http://sciencing.com/ph-level-affect-enzyme-activity-4962712.html
http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_energy
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enzyme_structure_and_function
http://slideplayer.com/slide/8259859/33/images/18/Exoenzymes+are+inactive
+while+inside+the+cell,+but+upon+release+from+the+cell+they+become+act
ive.+In+contrast,+endoenzymes+remain+in+the+cell+and+are+active..jpg
http://www.cheman.com/feedenzymes/images/Efficiency-4.gif

Copyright 2017 Enzymes

Iftikhar Ahmed