Physics 111: Lecture 10

Todays Agenda

Review of Work
Work done by gravity near the Earths surface
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 1

 Review: Constant Force

Work, W, of a constant force F

F
acting through a displacement r
is: r
Fr
W = F r = F r cos() = Fr r

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 2

 Review: Sum of Constant Forces

Suppose FNET = F1 + F2 and the

displacement is S.
The work done by each force
is: FTOT
F1 r
W1 = F1 r
W2 = F2 r

WNET = W1 + W2 F2
= F1 r + F2 r
= (F1 + F2 ) r
WNET = FNET r

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 3

 Review: Constant Force...

W = F r

No work done if = 90o.

T
No work done by T.
v

v
N
No work done by N.

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 4

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem:

{Net Work done on object}

=
{change in kinetic energy of object}

WF = K = 1/2mv22 - 1/2mv12

v1 v2
F
m WF = Fx

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 5

 Work done by gravity:

Wg = F r = mg r cos
= -mg y
m

Wg = -mg y mg
r j
Depends only on y ! -y

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 6

 Work done by gravity...

W NET = W1 + W2 + . . .+ Wn
= F r 1+ F r2 + . . . + F rn
= F (r1 + r 2+ . . .+ rn) m
= F r mg
r1
= F y r2
r
y r3
j
Wg = -mg y

Depends only on y,
rn
not on path taken!

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 7

 Lecture 10, Act 1 Falling
objects
Falling Objects
Three objects of mass m begin at height h with velocity 0. One
falls straight down, one slides down a frictionless inclined
plane, and one swings on the end of a pendulum. What is the
relationship between their velocities when they have fallen to
height 0?
v=0 v=0 v=0

vf vi vp

Free Fall Frictionless incline Pendulum

(a) Vf > Vi > Vp (b) Vf > Vp > Vi (c) Vf = Vp = Vi

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 8

 Lecture 10, Act 1
Solution
v=0 v=0 v=0

vf vi vp

Free Fall Frictionless incline Pendulum

Only gravity will do work: Wg = mgH = 1/2 mv22 - 1/2 mv12 = 1/2 mv22

v f v i v p 2 gH does not depend on path !!

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 9

 Lifting a book with your hand:
What is the total work done on the book??
First calculate the work done by gravity:

Wg = mg r = -mg r
FHAND
r
Now find the work done by
v = const
the hand:
a=0
WHAND = FHAND r = FHAND r
mg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 10

 Example: Lifting a book...
Textbook

Wg = -mg r
WHAND = FHAND r
FHAND
r
WNET = WHAND + Wg v = const
= FHAND r - mg r a=0
= (FHAND - mg) r
mg

= 0 since K = 0 (v = const)

So WTOT = 0!!

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 11

 Example: Lifting a book...

Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem says: W = K

{Net Work done on object} = {change in kinetic energy of object}

In this case, v is constant so K = 0

and so W must be 0, as we found.

FHAND
r
v = const
a=0

mg

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 12

 Work done by Variable Force: (1D)

When the force was constant, we

F
wrote W = F x
Wg
area under F vs. x plot:
x
x

For variable force, we find the area

by integrating:
dW = F(x) dx.
F(x)

x2
W F ( x )dx
x1
x1 x2
dx

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 13

 Work/Kinetic Energy Theorem for a
Variable Force
x2
W F dx F ma m dv
x1
dt
x2
dv dx dv dx dv dv
m = = v dx (chain rule)
x1 dt dt dt dx
v2
dv
mv dx
v1 dx
v2
m v dv
v1

1 1 1
m (v22 -v12 ) m v22 - mv12 KE
2 2 2

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 14

 1-D Variable Force Example: Spring

For a spring we know that Fx = -kx.

F(x) x1 x2

relaxed position
-kx

F = - k x1

F = - k x2

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 15

 Spring...

The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement

from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.
F(x) x1 x2

x
Ws
relaxed position
-kx

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 16

 Spring... Spring

The work done by the spring Ws during a displacement

from x1 to x2 is the area under the F(x) vs x plot between
x1 and x2.
x2
Ws F ( x )dx
F(x) x1 x2 x1

x2
( -kx )dx
x x1

Ws 1 x2
- kx 2
-kx 2 x1

k x 22 - x12
1
Ws -
2

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 17

 Lecture 10, Act 2
Work & Energy
A box sliding on a horizontal frictionless surface runs into a
fixed spring, compressing it a distance x1 from its relaxed
position while momentarily coming to rest.
If the initial speed of the box were doubled and its mass
were halved, how far x2 would the spring compress ?

(a) x2 x1 (b) x2 2 x1 (c) x2 2 x1

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 18

 Lecture 10, Act 2
Solution
Again, use the fact that WNET = K.
In this case, WNET = WSPRING = -1/2 kx2
and K = -1/2 mv2

m1
so kx2 = mv2 In the case of x1 x1 v1
k

v1 x1
m1

m1

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 19

 m
x v Lecture 10, Act 2
k
Solution
So if v2 = 2v1 and m2 = m1/2

m1 2 2m1
x 2 2v 1 v1
k k

x2 2 x1

v2 x2
m2

m2

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 20

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
A spring (constant k) is stretched a distance d, and a mass m
is hooked to its end. The mass is released (from rest). What
is the speed of the mass when it returns to the relaxed
position if it slides without friction?

m relaxed position

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m after release

v
m back at relaxed position

vr
Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 21
 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
First find the net work done on the mass during the motion
from x = d to x = 0 (only due to the spring):

k x22 - x12 - k 0 2 - d 2 kd 2
1 1 1
Ws -
2 2 2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 22

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Now find the change in kinetic energy of the mass:

1 1 1
K mv 22 - mv12 mv r2
2 2 2

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 23

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Now use work kinetic-energy theorem: Wnet = WS = K.

1 1 k
kd 2 mv r 2 vr d
2 2 m

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 24

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Now suppose there is a coefficient of friction between the
block and the floor
The total work done on the block is now the sum of the work
done by the spring WS (same as before) and the work done by
friction Wf.
.
Wf = f r = - mg d

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m f = mg relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 25

 Problem: Spring pulls on mass.
Again use Wnet = WS + Wf = K
1 1
K mv r
2 2
Wf = -mg d W S kd
2 2

1 2 1
kd - mgd mv r k 2
2

2 2 vr d - 2 gd
m

m stretched position (at rest)

d
m f = mg relaxed position

vr i

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 26

 Recap of todays lecture

Review (Text: 6-1 & 6-2)

Work done by gravity near the Earths surface (Text: 11-3)
Examples:
pendulum, inclined plane, free fall
Work done by variable force (Text: 6-1)
Spring
Problem involving spring & friction

Look at textbook problems Chapter 6: #7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 77

Physics 111: Lecture 10, Pg 27