1intro To UNIX

Introduction to UNIX System
Objectives
Introduction to Features of UNIX OS.
Input and Output in UNIX.
Programs and Processes in UNIX.
Permissions and IDs in UNIX.
UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 1

Objectives
Error Handling in UNIX.
Introduction to Signals in UNIX.
Introduction to System Calls in UNIX.

Introduction
Bell Labs, GE and Project MAC of MIT ( 1965 )
Developed a new OS called Multics
Provide simultaneous access to users
UNIX system was first described in 1974
By ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
Thompson and Ritchie implemented the UNIX
On PDP-7 computer and later on PDP-11 ( 1971 )
In 1973 the UNIX was written in
C programming language

Features of UNIX OS
Simple user interface.
Hierarchical file system.
Consistent format for files
byte stream.

Features of UNIX OS
Simple, Consistent interface to devices.
Multi -xxx system.
Protection of file data.
Peripheral devices treated as files.

bin usr
etc
unix
sh date who src bin

passwd
cmd
date.c who.c
Sample File system Tree

Other applications
sh who
cpp Kernel date
cc comp Hardware wc
as a.out
ld vi
Architecture of UNIX System

Input and Output

Uses file descriptors.
Small non-negative integers .
All shells open three descriptors

standard input
standard output
standard error

Programs
Collection of instructions and data in a file.
Marked executable.
File contents are arranged according
To the rules established by kernel.
This object file resides on the hard disk.
Read into memory and executed by kernel.

Processes .
An executing instance of a program.
Kernel creates a new process
environment in which program executes.
Creation of new process is done
By issuing a system call.

Processes.
The program is used to initialize
Instructions
User data
Several concurrently running process can be initialized
from the same program

Processes.
Process system data includes attributes
Current directory.
Open files.
Descriptors.
Accumulated CPU time
A process cannot access/ modify

The system data directly.

Process ID and Process Groups
Every process has a process ID.
Guaranteed to have unique positive integer.
All processes have a parent
Exception swapper, init and pagedaemon process

Related processes can be organized into
process groups
One group member is the group leader.
Each member has the process-group-ID.

A process group can have a control terminal
When group leader terminates :-
All process with the same control terminal are sent hangup signal.

Process ID Uniquely identifies a process.
Parent-process ID Process -ID of the processs parent
Process group ID Process ID of the group leader

Permissions in UNIX.
User ID ,Group ID
positive integers associated with users login name .
Called
Real user ID.
Real group ID.

Permissions in UNIX.
Two IDs associated with a process
effective user ID.
effective group ID.

Most Unix system calls return
Negative value on error.
The global variable errno
Is set to a value for more information.

The file < errno.h > defines the variable errno.
The value of errno is not cleared
if an error does not occur
The value of error is never set to 0 (zero).


Two functions to print error message
strerror( ).
perror( ).

char *strerror( int errnum );
Maps errno into an error message string.

Returns a pointer to a string.

void perror( const char *msg );
Outputs the string pointed to by msg,

Followed by a colon and a space,
Then the error message.

User Programs Libraries
User Level
Kernel Level
System call interface
File subsystem
Process
Buffer cache
control
Character block subsystem
Device drivers
Hardware control
Hardware Level
Block diagram of the system Kernel

System Calls in UNIX

Called service points for kernel service
The system calls are one feature of UNIX
That cannot change
Unix version 7 50 system calls.

4.4 BSD 110system calls.
SVR4 120 system calls.

System Calls in UNIX
application
User process
malloc
sbrk Kernel
malloc and sbrk system call.

Programmers reference manuals

Section 1 Commands, Precompiled utilities.
Section 2 System Calls, For Unix Services.
Section 3 C Library Facilities.
Section 4 Header Files.
Other Sections Miscellaneous topics.

Header files
dirent . h Directory entries
errno . h Error codes
fcntl . h File control
signal . h Signals

Header files
stddef . h Standard definitions
stdio . h Standard I/O
string .h string operations
time . h time and date

Header files
Headers for IPC
sys/ipc . h IPC
sys/msg . h Message Queues
sys/sem . h Semaphores
sys/shm . h Shared memory

Header files
sys/stat . h file status
sys/times . h Process times
sys/types.h Primitive system data types
sys/wait . h Process Control

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Introduction to UNIX System

Introduction to Features of UNIX OS.

Input and Output in UNIX.

Programs and Processes in UNIX.

Permissions and IDs in UNIX.

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 1

Error Handling in UNIX.

Introduction to Signals in UNIX.

Introduction to System Calls in UNIX.

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 2

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 3

Simple user interface.

Hierarchical file system.

Consistent format for files

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 4

Simple, Consistent interface to devices.

Multi -xxx system.

Protection of file data.

Peripheral devices treated as files.

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 5

sh date who src bin

Sample File system Tree

Architecture of UNIX System

Input and Output

Small non-negative integers .

All shells open three descriptors

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 8

File contents are arranged according

To the rules established by kernel.

This object file resides on the hard disk.

Read into memory and executed by kernel.

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 9

Kernel creates a new process

environment in which program executes.

Creation of new process is done

By issuing a system call.

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 10

Several concurrently running process can be initialized

from the same program

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 11

Accumulated CPU time

A process cannot access/ modify

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 12

Process ID and Process Groups

Every process has a process ID.

Guaranteed to have unique positive integer.

All processes have a parent

Exception swapper, init and pagedaemon process

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 13

Process ID and Process Groups

Related processes can be organized into

One group member is the group leader.

Each member has the process-group-ID.

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 14

Process ID and Process Groups

A process group can have a control terminal

When group leader terminates :-

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 15

Process ID and Process Groups

Process ID Uniquely identifies a process.

Parent-process ID Process -ID of the processs parent

Process group ID Process ID of the group leader

UNIX Systems Programming Satyam Computer Services Ltd 16