Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Teknologi Pendidikan
Sejarah Teknologi Pendidikan
• Some people say that educational technology
began thousands of years ago during a “time
when tribal priests systematized bodies of
knowledge and early cultures invented
pictographs or sign writing to record,
preserve, transmit, and reproduce information”
(Saettler) that could be taught to future
generations.
• Other people think that it started with the
invention of the pencil and paper. One thing
is for sure though; educational technology sure
has come a long way over the years.
Sejarah ..
Aside from the hieroglyphics and pictographs used by
the ancients and the papyrus scrolls developed long
ago for paper, one might trace the root of educational
technology back to the Abacus developed in
Babylon in 500 B.C. This mechanical aid was the
first counting aid which could be used to make quick
calculations. Although it was very primitive as it
consisted of wooden pebbles that could be slid up or
down various rods and wires it is often credited as one
of the first calculating devices ever created and the
beginning of “technology” (History of Educational
Technology).
Sejarah..
Calculators, which were first invented in the 1600’s
by Blaise Pascal (Roblyer), are still used today in
math education as well as other subjects to assist
students. They allow quick calculations to be made
and reduce the amount of time students need to
complete problems. Of course these calculators
have evolved over the years from the original
mechanical calculators to the graphing and
scientific calculators that exist today. Nowadays
calculators can provide visuals, solve equations,
perform functions, and much more.
Sejarah …
• With the invention of the phonograph in the late
1800’s, students obtained access to music,
speeches, and other auditory sounds of the past
which was able to add a new dimension to learning
(Woodall).
• The radio, invented in 1896 by Marconi also
contributed to this new auditory dimension.
• As the 20th Century progressed, many more
advancements were made in the audio field
including the development of audio tape recorders,
cassette tapes, CD’s, etc. that brought new sources
of information into the classroom (Woodall).
Sejarah ..
• In 1893 the first motion picture was created by Thomas
Armat and this opened up a visual learning dimension that
could be carried over into the classroom.
• In the early 1900’s “schools and museums began using
visuals such as drawings, paintings, slides, film
objects and models to compliment verbal instruction”
(History of Instructional Technology). These new visual
forms of technology were found to greatly supplement
instruction thus setting in motion the idea of educational/
instructional technology.
• Today, visuals are still key components of instruction.
Films, photographs, computer simulations, etc. allow
students to visualize different people, places, and concepts
therefore significantly enhancing their learning.
Sejarah ..
• Computers, which were first used in WWII for
military purposes, have become one of the greatest
contributors to educational technology. Evolving
from the electronic computers used in the 1940’s
to mini-computers of the 1960’s and then finally to
micro-computer systems in 1980’s computers
have advanced greatly (Roblyer).
• Just in the past 20 years the creation of the Internet
as well as multiple software and virtual programs
has occurred. This advancement in technology has
had a huge impact on educational technology.
Masa Kini..
• At this time there are many programs and technological
equipment designated solely for use in an educational
setting.
• We now have programs such as HyperStudio, Microsoft
FrontPage, Swish, PowerPoint, and many others that
allow educators to create presentations and interactive
activities for their students.
• There are overhead projectors, computers, white
boards, radios, televisions, VCRs, DVD players, and
many other forms of technology that are commonly found in
classrooms.
• All of these improvements in the field of educational
technology that have been made over the years go to show
that this is a field that is constantly evolving and changing.
Masa Kini..
• As advancements in technology are made
educators and schools try to find as many ways
as possible to incorporate these forms of
technology into their classrooms.
• Who knows what types of technology the future
has in store for educational settings. One thing
is for sure though, people have realized how
valuable educational technology is in the
classroom and it is likely to continue to be used
for a very long time.
Istilah Teknologi Pendidikan
• Overtaken by Technology
• Approaching Technogogy
• Pedagogically articulated pivoting on
technology
• New paradigms in the LE
• New Learning objects
• New role of the teacher
• Smarter teachers, pupils and schools
Definisi TP…
• Bukan semata-mata alat, tetapi merangkumi
idea dan proses (Heinich, 1996)
• Penyatuan antara idea, manusia, mesin, cara
dan kaedah pengendalian dan pengurusan
(Hoban, 1976)
• Technology is not a tool – it is an art or science
of how to use a tool for a purpose (Evans &
Nation, 2000)
• The systematic application of scientific or other
organized knowledge to practical task (Galbraith,
1967)
Definisi TP …
• Penggunaan pengetahuan saintifik tentang
bagaimana manusia belajar d ke dalam amalan-
amalan pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang
praktikal (Heinich et. al. 1993)
• TP ialah kombinasi proses dan alatan yang
terlibat dalam usaha menyahut keperluan dan
masalah pendidikan, dengan penekanan kepada
proses mengaplikasi alatan terkini seperti
komputer dan teknologi berkaitan (Roblyer &
Edward, 2000)
Definisi TP oleh AECT
• AECT (1972) (Association for Educational Communications and
Technology): TP ialah satu bidang yang melibatkan usaha
mempermudahkan pembelajaran manusia, melalui;
– Pertama, proses mengenalpasti secara sistematik
pembangunan organisasi dan penggunaan pelbagai sumber
pembelajaran.
– Kedua, melalui pengurusan proses-proses tersebut.
• AECT (1977): TP ialah sesuatu yang kompleks, proses
integasi yang melibatkan manusia, prosedur, idea, alatan
dan organisasi bagi menganalisis masalah dan
mengawal, menjalankan, menilai serta mengurus
masalah yang terlibat dalam semua aspek pembelajaran
manusia.
Definisi TP oleh AECT
Overview:
In addition, the theory outlines nine instructional events and
corresponding cognitive processes:
(1) gaining attention (reception)
(2) informing learners of the objective (expectancy)
(3) stimulating recall of prior learning (retrieval)
(4) presenting the stimulus (selective perception)
(5) providing learning guidance (semantic encoding)
(6) eliciting performance (responding)
(7) providing feedback (reinforcement)
(8) assessing performance (retrieval)
(9) enhancing retention and transfer (generalization).
Example:
The following example illustrates a teaching sequence corresponding
to the nine instructional events for the objective, Recognize an
equilateral triangle:
1. Gain attention - show variety of computer generated triangles
2. Identify objective - pose question: "What is an equilateral
triangle?"
3. Recall prior learning - review definitions of triangles
4. Present stimulus - give definition of equilateral triangle
5. Guide learning- show example of how to create equilateral
6. Elicit per formance - ask students to create 5 different
examples
7. Provide feedback - check all examples as correct/incorrect
8. Assess performance- provide scores and remediation
9. Enhance retention/transfer - show pictures of objects and ask
students to identify equilaterals
Model ID Dick and Carey
Stage 1. Instructional Goals
•Instructional Goal: Desirable state of affairs by instruction
* Needs Analysis : Analysis of a discrepancy between an instructional
goal and the present state of affairs or a personal perception of needs.