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- Potentials
- Free surface boundary conditions
- Solutions propagating along the surface, decaying with depth
- Lambs problem
Free Oscillations
- Spherical Harmonics
- Modes of the Earth
- Rotational Splitting
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
The Wave Equation: Potentials
Do solutions to the wave equation exist for an elastic half space, which
travel along the interface? Let us start by looking at potentials:
u i t2 2 2
( x , y , z ) t2 i 2 2 i
ui displacement P-wave speed
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Rayleigh Waves
An evanescent P-wave
propagates along the free
surface decaying
exponentially with depth.
The reflected post-
crticially reflected SV
wave is totally reflected
and phase-shifted. These
two wave types can only
exist together, they both
satisfy the free surface
boundary condition:
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Surface waves: Geometry
y (.) 0
And consider only wave motion in the x,z plane. Then
u x x z y Wavefront
y
u z z x y
As we only require y we x
set y= from now on. Our
trial solution is thus
z
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Surface waves: Disperion relation
c2
a 1
2
In order for a plane wave of that form to decay with depth a has to be
imaginary, in other words
c
Together we obtain
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Surface waves: Boundary Conditions
xz zz 0
In isotropic media we have
zz ( xu x z u z ) 2 z u z u x x z y
where
xz 2 xu z u z z x y
and
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Rayleigh waves: solutions
c 6 / 6 8c 4 / 4 56 / 3c 2 / 2 32 / 2 0
and the only root which fulfills the condition c
is
c 0.9194
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Displacement
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Lambs Problem
theoretical
-the two components are out of phase by p
for small values of z a particle describes an
ellipse and the motion is retrograde
- at some depth z the motion is linear in z
- below that depth the motion is again elliptical
but prograde
- the phase velocity is independent of k: there
is no dispersion for a homogeneous half space
- the problem of a vertical point force at the experimental
surface of a half space is called Lambs
problem (after Horace Lamb, 1904).
- Right Figure: radial and vertical motion for a
source at the surface
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Particle Motion (1)
theoretical experimental
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Data Example
theoretical experimental
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Data Example
Question:
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love Waves: Geometry
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love Waves: Trapping
When the layer velocity is smaller than the halfspace velocity, then there
is a critical angle beyon which SH reverberations will be totally trapped.
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love Waves: Trapping
2 1/ c 2 1/ 22
tan( H 1 / 12 1 / c 2 )
1 1 / 12 1 / c 2
... indicating that there are only solutions if ...
c 2
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love Waves: Solutions
Graphical solution of
the previous equation.
Intersection of dashed
and solid lines yield
discrete modes.
Is it possible, now, to
explain the observed
dispersive behaviour?
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love Waves: modes
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Waves around the globe
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Data Example
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Liquid layer over a half space
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Amplitude Anomalies
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Group-velocities
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Velocity
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Dispersion
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Wave Packets
Seismograms of a Love
wave train filtered with
different central periods.
Each narrowband trace
has the appearance of a
wave packet arriving at
different times.
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Wave Packets
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Dispersion
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Dispersion
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Observed Group Velocities (T< 80s)
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love wave dispersion
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love wave dispersion
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Love wave dispersion
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Modal Summation
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Free oscillations - Data
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Eigenmodes of a string
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Eigenmodes of a sphere
Eigenmodes of a homogeneous
sphere. Note that there are modes
with only volumetric changes (like P
waves, called spheroidal) and modes
with pure shear motion (like shear
waves, called toroidal).
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Eigenmodes of a sphere
Compressional (solid)
and shear (dashed)
energy density for
fundamental
spheroidal modes and
some overtones,
sensitive to core
structure.
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Bessel and Legendre
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Spherical Harmonics
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
The Earths Eigenfrequencies
Spheroidal mode
eigenfrequencies
Toroidal mode
eigenfrequencies
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Effects of Earths Rotation
non-polar latitude
polar latitude
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Effects of Earths Rotation: seismograms
observed
synthetic
synthetic no splitting
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Lateral heterogeneity
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Examples
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Sumatra M9, 26-12-04
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations
Surface Waves: Summary
Seismology and the Earths Deep Interior Surface Waves and Free Oscillations