Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales: Polyphase Induction Machines

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA
SEDE MANIZALES
Polyphase Induction Machines

MQUINAS II: MQUINAS DE CORRIENTE ALTERNA
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2
Induction Machine Construction
Stator: a three phase winding is put in slots (as a

synchronous machine stator)
Rotor: may be either of two types:
Squirrel cage type: consist of aluminum or
copper bars embedded in the rotor slots and
shorted at both ends by aluminum or copper
end rings
Wound rotor type: has the same form of the
stator winding (a three phase, n-turns coils and
wye connected winding). The terminals of the
rotor winding are connected to three slip rings in
order to modify winding resistance.
3
Induction Machines - Stator
Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de

ABB Service - Gijn
Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de Preformed Windings

ABB Service - Gijn
(form-wound winding)
Voltages >2300v
Winding
4
Induction Machines Squirrel cage Rotor
Barras
Bars EndAnillo
rings
Squirrel cage rotor
Rings
Fotografas realizadas en los talleres

de ABB Service - Gijn
Aluminum bars
5
Induction Machines Squirrel cage rotor
Ferromangetic material
Short circuited end

ring
Copper or aluminum bar
Catlogos comerciales
6
Induction Machines Wound type rotor
L. Serrano: Fundamentos de
mquinas elctricas rotativas
Slip rings
Slip rings
Brushes
Using stationary brushes
pressing against the slip
rings, the rotor terminal
are connected to a
external circuit
L. Serrano: Fundamentos de
mquinas elctricas rotativas 7
Induction Machines
Stator winding connections:
a) Three-phase squirrel cage induction machine.

b) Wye connected stator winding.
c) Delta connected stator winding.
8
Induction Machines
U1 V1 W1
Caja de
conexiones
U1 V1 W1
Conexin en
W2 U2 V2 estrella
2
U2 V2 W2 Pletina de
U1 V1 W1 cobre
U1 V1 W1
Conexin en
W2 U2 V2 tringulo
U2 V2 W2 Devanados del motor
9
Simplified two-pole three-phase stator winding
10
Simplified two-pole three-phase stator winding
11
Instantaneous phase currents under balanced
three-phase conditions.
12
Rotating magnetic field
The production of a rotating magnetic field by means

of three-phase currents.
13
Equivalent circuit
Stator equivalent circuit for a polyphase

induction motor.
14
Equivalent circuit
Rotor equivalent circuit for a polyphase
induction motor at slip frequency.
15
Equivalent circuit
Single-phase equivalent circuit for a polyphase

induction motor.
16
Equivalent circuit
Alternative form of equivalent circuit.
17
Equivalent circuit
Equivalent circuits with the core-loss resistance Rc

neglected
18
Motor Efficiency
Power Output
% = x 100%
Power Input
19
Exercise
The following data apply to a 125-kW, 2300-V, three-phase,

four pole, 60-Hz squirrel-cage induction motor:
Stator-resistance between two phase terminals = 2.23
No-load test at rated frequency and voltage:
Line current = 7.7 A Three-phase power = 2870 W
Blocked-rotor test at 15 Hz:
Line voltage = 268 V Line current = 50.3 A
Three-phase power = 18.2 kW
a. Calculate the rotational losses + pfe.
b. Calculate the equivalent-circuit parameters in ohms.

Assume that X 1 = X 2.
c. Compute the stator current, input power and power
factor, output power and efficiency when this motor is
operating at rated voltage and frequency at a slip of 2.95
percent.
20
Thevenins Equivalent
(a) General linear network and (b) its equivalent

at terminals ab by Thevenins theorem.
21
Thevenins Equivalent
Induction-motor equivalent circuits simplified

by Thevenins theorem.
22
Example
Motor parameters (Ohms/phase):
R1 =0.2268 R2= 0.12528 X1= 0.51252
X2=0.76878 Rc= 185.1 Xm= 9.8554
VLine= 230V
23
Induction-machine speed-torque curve
Speed-torque curve
100
50
0
Torque [N-m]
-50
-100
-150
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Shaft speed [rpm]
24
Speed-torque curve
100
50
0 Braking Motor Generator

Torque [N-m]
-50
-100
-150
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Shaft speed [rpm]
25
Induction-machine torque-slip curve showing

braking, motor, and generator regions.
26
Induction motor speed-torque curve
Speed-torque curve
90 Pullout torque
80
70
60
Torque [N-m]
50
40
30
20
Starting torque
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Shaft speed [rpm]
27
Effect of changing rotor-circuit resistance
Induction-motor torque-slip curves showing effect
of changing rotor-circuit resistance.
28
Control of Motor Characteristics by Rotor Design
(a) NEMA design class A - large bars near the surface;

(b) NEMA design class B - large, deep rotor bars
(c) NEMA design class C - double-cage rotor design
(d) NEMA design class D - small bars near the surface. 29
Deep rotor bar and slot-leakage flux
30
Skin effect in a copper rotor bar 2.5 cm deep
31
Double-squirrel-cage rotor bars and slot-leakage
flux
32
Typical torque-
speed curves for Class A
1800-r/min
general-purpose
induction motors
33
Equilibrium speed of the motor-load system
Equilibrium speed of the motor-load system can be
obtained when motor torque equals the load torque. At
this equilibrium speed, motor will operate in steady-state
and the speed (motor-load) is constant.
34
Equilibrium speed of the motor-load system
Is necessary to evaluate the stability of an equilibrium

point from the steady state speed-torque curves of the
motor & load system:
35
Load types
Constant power
Constant torque
Variable torque
(fuente: http://www.motorsystems.org/task-b/motor-and-load/load-types ) 36
Motor-load system
37
Motor-load system
A surplus torque should be available throughout the

range, from standstill to the intersection point.
If that is not the case, operation becomes
unstable and the stationary state may change
if the speed is too low.
One of the reasons for this is that the surplus
torque is required for acceleration.
(fuente: http://www.motorsystems.org/task-b/motor-and-load/load-types) 38
Motor-load system
Surplus torque
39
Starting of Induction Motors
Y-Delta starter
40
Problema
Un motor trifsico de 400 V; conexin delta, 50 Hz, tiene las

siguientes impedancias [ohms/fase]:
R1=0.5 ; R2= 0.75; X1 = X2= 2.6 Xm= 50
Se alimenta desde una red de 400V y acciona una carga de tipo
ventilador cuya caracterstica presenta un par de 15Nm en reposo, un
mnimo de 2.3 Nm a 220 rpm y llega a 105Nm a 1500 rpm. Se
desprecian las prdidas mecnicas. Encontrar:
Corriente y par de arranque en arranque directo.
Comprobar si se puede arrancar en Y-delta. Si se puede
determinar la corriente de arranque.
41
42

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA

Polyphase Induction Machines

Stator: a three phase winding is put in slots (as a

Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de

Fotografas realizadas en los talleres de Preformed Windings

Squirrel cage rotor

Fotografas realizadas en los talleres

Short circuited end

Copper or aluminum bar

Stator winding connections:

a) Three-phase squirrel cage induction machine.

U2 V2 W2 Devanados del motor

The production of a rotating magnetic field by means

Stator equivalent circuit for a polyphase

Single-phase equivalent circuit for a polyphase

Alternative form of equivalent circuit.

Equivalent circuits with the core-loss resistance Rc

The following data apply to a 125-kW, 2300-V, three-phase,

No-load test at rated frequency and voltage:

Line current = 7.7 A Three-phase power = 2870 W

Blocked-rotor test at 15 Hz:

Line voltage = 268 V Line current = 50.3 A

Three-phase power = 18.2 kW

a. Calculate the rotational losses + pfe.

b. Calculate the equivalent-circuit parameters in ohms.

(a) General linear network and (b) its equivalent

Induction-motor equivalent circuits simplified

0 Braking Motor Generator

Induction-machine torque-slip curve showing

(a) NEMA design class A - large bars near the surface;

Deep rotor bar and slot-leakage flux

Is necessary to evaluate the stability of an equilibrium

A surplus torque should be available throughout the

Un motor trifsico de 400 V; conexin delta, 50 Hz, tiene las

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