Transients Analysis

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Solution to First Order Differential Equation
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve the
differential equation:

dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete solution consists of two parts:
the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
the particular solution (forced solution)

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 The Natural Response
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to zero,

dxN (t ) dxN (t ) x N (t ) dxN (t ) dt

x N (t ) 0 or ,
dt dt x N (t )
dxN (t ) dt
, x N (t ) e t /
x N (t )

It is called the natural response.

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 The Forced Response
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t 0
dxF (t )
xF (t ) K S F
dt
xF (t ) K S F for t 0

It is called the forced response.

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 The Complete Response
Consider the general Equation Solve for ,
dx(t ) for t 0
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt x(t 0) x(0) x()
The complete response is: x(0) x()
the natural response +
the forced response The Complete solution:

x x N (t ) xF (t ) x(t ) [ x(0) x()] et / x()

e t / K S F [ x(0) x()] et / called transient response

e t / x ( )
x ( ) called steady state response

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 WHAT IS TRANSIENT RESPONSE

Figure 5.1

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Circuit with switched DC A general model of the
excitation transient analysis problem

Figu
re
5.2,
5.3

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In general, any circuit containing energy storage element

Figure 5.5, 5.6

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 (a) Circuit at t = 0
(b) Same circuit a long time after the switch is closed

Figure 5.9,
5.10

The capacitor acts as open circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).

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(a) Circuit for t = 0
(b) Same circuit a long time before the switch is opened

The inductor acts as short circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).
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 Why there is a transient response?
The voltage across a capacitor cannot be
changed instantaneously.

VC (0 ) VC (0 )

The current across an inductor cannot be

changed instantaneously.

I L (0 ) I L ( 0 )

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 Example

Figure 5.12,
5.13

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5-6
 Transients Analysis
1. Solve first-order RC or RL circuits.

2. Understand the concepts of transient

response and steady-state response.

3. Relate the transient response of first-

order
circuits to the time constant.

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 Transients
The solution of the differential equation
represents are response of the circuit. It
is called natural response.

The response must eventually die out,

and therefore referred to as transient
response.
(source free response)

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 Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance

ic iR
i 0, iC iR 0
dvC t vC t
C 0
dt R
Solving the above equation
with the initial condition
Vc(0) = Vi

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 Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance

dvC t vC t 1
C 0 s
dt R RC
vC t Ke t RC

dvC t
RC vC t 0
vC (0 ) Vi
dt
vC t Ke st Ke 0 / RC

K
RCKse Ke 0
st st
vC t Vi e t RC

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 vC t Vi e t RC Exponential decay waveform
RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage is 36.8%
of the initial voltage.

vC t Vi (1 e t RC )
Exponential rising waveform
RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage is
63.2% of the initial voltage.

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 RC CIRCUIT

t=0 i(t) t=0 i(t)

R + R +
+ +
V VC Vu(t) VC
_ C _ C
- -

Vu(t)
for t = 0-,
i(t) = 0
u(t) is voltage-step function

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 RC CIRCUIT
iR iC
vu(t ) vC dvC
iR , iC C
R dt
dvC
RC vC V , v u (t ) V for t 0
dt
Solving the differential equation
Vu(t)

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 Complete Response

Complete response
= natural response + forced response
Natural response (source free response) is
due to the initial condition
Forced response is the due to the external
excitation.

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 Figure
5.17,
5.18

a). Complete, transient and steady

state response
b). Complete, natural, and forced
responses of the circuit

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5-8
 Circuit Analysis for RC Circuit
iR + VR - Apply KCL
iR iC
iC
R
+
Vs C Vc
vs v R dvC
iR , iC C
-

R dt
dvC 1 1
vR vs
dt RC RC

vs is the source applied.

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Solution to First Order Differential Equation
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve the
differential equation:

dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete solution consits of two parts:
the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
the particular solution (forced solution)

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 The Natural Response
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to zero,
dx N (t ) dx N (t ) x (t )
x N (t ) 0 or N
dt dt
x N (t ) e t /

It is called the natural response.

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 The Forced Response
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t 0
dxF (t )
xF (t ) K S F
dt
xF (t ) K S F for t 0

It is called the forced response.

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 The Complete Response
Consider the general Equation Solve for ,
dx(t ) for t 0
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt x(t 0) x(0) x()
The complete response is: x(0) x()
the natural response +
the forced response The Complete solution:

x x N (t ) xF (t ) x(t ) [ x(0) x()] et / x()

e t / K S F
[ x(0) x()] et / called transient response
e t / x ( )
x ( ) called steady state response

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 Example
iR + VR -
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V
iC
100 k

iR iC
ohms +
100V Vc
0.01 -
microF
vs vC dvC
iR , iC C
R dt
dvC
RC vC vs
dt
5 6 dvC
10 0.0110 vC 100
dt
3 dvC
10 vC 100
dt

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 iR + VR -
Example
iC
100 k
ohms +
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V
100V Vc
0.01 -
3 dvC
microF
10 vC 100
dt
t
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t ) 3
dt vc 100 Ae 10

and As vc (0) 0, 0 100 A

x x N (t ) xF (t ) A 100
t / t
e KS F 3

vc 100 100e 10
e t / x ( )

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Energy stored in capacitor
dv
p vi Cv
dt
t t dv t
to pdt to Cv dt C to vdv
dt

C v(t )2 v(to )2
1
2

If the zero-energy reference is selected at to, implying that the
capacitor voltage is also zero at that instant, then
1 2
wc (t ) Cv
2
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 RC CIRCUIT
Power dissipation in the resistor is:
pR = V2/R = (Vo2 /R) e -2 t /RC
R C

Total energy turned into heat in the resistor

2 2t / RC
Vo 0 e dt
WR 0 p R dt
R
1
Vo2 R( )e 2t / RC |
0
2 RC
1 2
CVo
2
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 RL CIRCUITS
Initial condition
i(t = 0) = Io
i(t)
di
vR vL 0 Ri L
dt
- +
L di
VR R L VL
i 0
+ - R dt
Solving the differential equation

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 RL CIRCUITS
di R
i0
i(t) dt L
i ( t ) di t

di R R
dt, dt
i L Io i o L
- +
VR R L VL R t
ln i |I o t |o
i
+ -
L
R
ln i ln I o t
Initial condition L
i(t = 0) = Io Rt / L
i (t ) I o e

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 RL CIRCUIT
Power dissipation in the resistor is:
pR = i2R = Io2e-2Rt/LR
i(t)
Total energy turned into heat in the resistor

-
VR R L
+
VL
WR 0
pR dt I o2 R
0
e 2 Rt / L dt

L 2 Rt / L
+ - I o2 R( )e |0
2R
1 2
LI o
2
1 2
It is expected as the energy stored in the inductor is LI o
2
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 i(t)
Vu(t)
+
_
Vu(t)
R
L
+
VL
-
RL CIRCUIT
L
di i (0 ) 0, thus k ln V
Ri L V R
dt
L
Ldi [ln(V Ri ) ln V ] t
dt R
V Ri V Ri
Integrating both sides, e Rt / L or
V
L
ln(V Ri ) t k V V Rt / L
i e , for t 0
R R R
where L/R is the time constant
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 DC STEADY STATE
The steps in determining the forced response for
RL or RC circuits with dc sources are:
1. Replace capacitances with open circuits.
2. Replace inductances with short circuits.
3. Solve the remaining circuit.

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