SOLDERING/CEMENTATION

TECHNIQUES & PROPERTIES

INTRAORAL TRY-IN
Dimensional change during processing
results in binding spots
Reduction of binding spots= uniform
layer of cement
Check for small positive bubbles of
composite use carbide finishing bur
FITCHECKER OCCLUDE
Check Contacts Accufilm
Light contacts built -up microetcher,
bonding adhesive
composite
Solder Joint Connections
SOLDERING: Its defined as the joining
of metals by the fusion of filler metal
between them, at a temperature below
the solidus temperature of the metals
being joined and below 4500 C
 Soldering Process
Soldering process involves:
1.Substrate or the parent metals to be
joined
2.Soldering filler metal (solder)
3.Flux
4.Heat Source
Components of Soldered Joint
Parent metal
Solder/Filler metal
Fluxes and Anti fluxes
Parent Metal
Parent metal is metal or alloy to be
joined( aka:substrate or base metal)
Composition of parent metal determines:
Melting range
Oxide that forms on the surface during
heating
Wettability of the substrate by the molten
solder
Soldering is below the temperature of the
parent metal
 Composition of alloy determines the
oxides that form on its surface
Fluxes used should be able to reduce
these oxides, inhibit further oxidation &
help in its removal
Solder chosen should wet the metal at as
low a contact angle as possible to ensure
wetting of the joint area
 Different alloys require different fluxes
Flux ( latin for to flow)

A low temperature solder is preferred

over high temperature solderingSilver
solders are prefered
 Qualities of an ideal solder:
Ease of flow at relatively low temperature
Sufficient fluidity to freely flow when melted
Ability to wet substrate metal
Strength compatible with that of the structure
being joined.
Resistance to tarnish and corrosion
Acceptable color to have inconspicuous joint
Resistance to pitting during heating
 FLOW TEMPERATURE
ISO 9333 requires the the flow
temperature of the filler metal should
be lower than the solidus temperature
of the substrate metals.
A rule of thumb is that flow
temperature of the filler metal should
be 56 C(100F) lower than the solidus
temperature of the substrate metal
 Classification of Solders
1. Soft Solders
1. Hard Solders

2. Precious metal solders

1. Non precious metal solders
 Heat Source
Most common used : gas-air or gas-
oxygen torch
Type of torch depends on type of fuel
Hydrogen low heat content heating slow
Natural Gas heat content is 4x that of
hydrogen
Acetylene- chemically unstable gas
Propane- best choice- highest heat content
Portion of flame used to heat the solder
assembly should be neutral or slightly
reducing part since this produces the
most efficient burning process and most
heat
Checklist prior to Cementation

Margins are closed

Interproximal contacts present
Occlusion contact is uniform
Contours are anatomically correct
Embrasure space maintained
 CEMENTATION: PREPARATION

Isolation from moisture

cotton rolls, retraction cord
Preparation cleaned:
antibacterial (eg., hibiclens)
& pumice for 20-30 sec;
Rinse well
 CEMENTS
Luting agents adhere or lute one surface
to another
Common cements:
Zinc Phosphate (ZOP)
Zinc Polycarboxylate
Glass Ionomer
Resin
Zinc-Oxide & Eugenol (ZOE)
ADHESION - Force of attraction between the
molecules or atoms on 2 different surfaces as
they are brought into contact, e.g., failure
between ortho bracket and tooth, with cement
remaining on tooth

COHESION - Force of attraction between

the molecules or atoms within a given
material (not on the surface), e.g., failure
with cement on ortho bracket and on the
tooth
Tensile Force - Force that pulls an object
apart ; object exists in a state of tension

Compressive Force - Force that is

down on the object tending to squeeze it
together
Bending Force - Combination of
tensile and compressive forces

Shear Force - Force which

slides the top of an object over
the bottom
 COMPOSITION OF DENTAL CEMENTS
LIQUIDS POWDERS POWDERS
SILICATE ZINC OXIDE
GLASS
Phosphoric Silicate Zinc Phosphate
Acid Cement
Polyacrylic Glass Ionomer Polycarboxylate
Acid
Eugenol ---------- Zinc oxide
eugenol
Dimethacrylate Resin --------
Monomers
 ZINC PHOSPHATE
Powder/Liquid system
Powder: zinc oxide particles (25 m)
Magnesium oxide

- Liquid: phosphoric acid in water

- ~33% acid concentration
- aluminum phosphate enhance setting reaction
 ZINC PHOSPHATE
Factors Influencing Rate of Reaction:
size of the zinc oxide particles
powder/liquid ratio
mixing technique
mixing temperature

Hastening/Slowing The Setting Rate:

Smaller sized particles = more powder
Faster mixing = higher mixing temperature
Chilled glass slab slows the rate by the temp.
 ZINC PHOSPHATE
HANDLING:
Increase powder = stronger cement
Chilled slab keeps viscosity low so
more powder can be added
Total mixing time = 1-1.5 minutes
Ribbon to be 0.5-0.75 inches long
 ZINC PHOSPHATE
Highest elastic modulus (double that of GI)
good for long span bridges to help resist
bending forces imposed
Very low solubility in water, lower than GI
Greater solubility found in oral cavity than
with GI
Stiffer than GI, but does not adhere to tooth
surface as with GI
Lack of adhesion..yet over 100 years of
successful use in dentistry!!!
ZINC PHOSPHATE
ZINC PHOSPHATE
ZINC PHOSPHATE
ZINC PHOSPHATE
ZINC PHOSPHATE
 GLASS IONOMERS
Powder/Liquid system
Powder: silicate glass containing calcium,
aluminum, & fluorine

- Liquid: copolymer of polyacrylic acid &

either itaconic or maleic acid. Tartaric acid
added to increase working time followed
by rapid set.
 GLASS IONOMERS
Hard matrix traps flouride ions released
from the glass particles
Initial flouride release is great, declining
rapidly with time; activity present for
periods of 1 year or more
Recharged by fluoride containing
solution (F)
Only real chemical bond; most other
bonds(enamel,dentin,metal) =
micromechanical
 GLASS IONOMERS
High compressive strength
Low flexural strength and toughness
Low solubility
Great resistance to microleakage
Anticariogenic activity
Adhesion to dentin
GLASS IONOMER: KETAC CEMENT
 ZINC POLCARBOXYLATE
FIRST cement to produce true chemical
adhesion to tooth structure
Powder similar to zinc phosphate cement
Liquid = polyacrylic acid
Stannous flouride added to powder:
improves handeling characteristics &
properties no beneficial anticarious
effect
Polycarbonate Cement: DURELON
 RESINS
Available since 1952; first composite
resin cement introduced in 1970

Basically fluid composites due to

reduction of filler materials - a BIS-GMA
or urethane dimethacrylates material in
low viscosity liquid form

Organic monomer - triethyleneglycol

dimethacrylate + other monomers
dilutes viscous BIS-GMA
 RESINS

Monomers C=C bond -

polymerization
Fillers - 30-60% of cement; Barium
glass; some containing microscopic
silica particles
Fillers - better strength and wear
resistance
 RESINS

Does NOT adhere to tooth structure -

need etching treatment or resin
adhesive (dentin)
Usually dual cured - self & light cured
-Self cure - opaque/Dual cure -
translucent
Compressive Strength - 100-340 MPa
Film Thickness 13-20 um
Physical and Mechanical Properties
 RESINS
Temperature has profound effect on
dimensional accuracy of dental material
Overtime repeated temp. changes in the
oral cavity causes different expansion /
contraction b/w tooth and cement
Difference may lead to gaps between
the two which leads to leakage of
salivary components into the tooth
towards pulp (percolation)
 RESINS
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF TOOTH/MATERIALS:
MATERIAL THERMAL THERMAL
EXPANSION CONDUCTIVITY
PORCELAIN 6-15 2-3
TOOTH 8-11 1-2
DENTAL 10-12 1-3
CEMENT
GOLD 14-16 7-10
DENTAL 20-50 1-3
COMPOSITE
RESIN CEMENT: PANAVIA
RESINOMER: FUJI CEMENT
 ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
Powder/Liquid system
Powder: zinc oxide particles

- Liquid: eugenol liquid + other oils, (e.g.

olive oil)
- Eugenol liquid is characterized as having:
- Neutral PH with an obtundent (sedative) effect
on pulpal tissue
- Minimal overall dimension change while setting
- Some antibacterial properties
 ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
Compressive Strength:
Weakest strength ranging 2-20 MPa
depending on P/L ratio
Biocompatible & Easily handled
Affected by moisture
Excessive wear limited usage(1 year
period)
Indicated only as a TEMPORARY CEMENT
TEMPORARY CEMENT(eugenol)
TEMPORARY CEMENT
(non-eugenol)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CEMENTS

p All cements are brittle

p Relatively high compressive
strength - fairly weak in
tension
p Strongest cements are Resin
cements
- highest tensile strength
- compressive strength
similar to ZOP & GI
 CEMENTS: SOLUBILITY

Major concern of all cements

Primary cause of failure of restorations

(castings) related to wash-out or
dissolution of cement at margins

RESIN cements most insoluble in water

& oral fluids

GI soluble in water but least soluble in

acidic environment of oral cavity
followed by ZOP and PC cements
 CEMENTS : BIOCOMPATABILITY

p ZOP most acidic

(pH remains below 5.5 until 24hrs. after
mixing)
- acidity affected by proper mixing
technique (want high P/L ratio)

p GI & Polycarboxylate
similar pH (pH=2-3) more rapid rise
during set
- PC fastest rise in pH (value of 5
within 30 min. of mixing)
 CEMENTS : BIOCOMPATABILITY

p Resin cements = neutral pH but

post-op sensitivity and pulpal
inflammation related to setting
shrinkage marginal leakage

p ZOE = neutral PH; most benign