UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

PRODI GEOTEKNIK JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL

L I Q U E FA C T I O N A N A LY S I S O F L E V E L A N D S L O P I N G
GROUND USING FIELD CASE HISTORIES AND
P E N E T R AT I O N R E S I S TA N C E

E VA N F E B R I M I R A N D A ( 3 9 0 4 5 2 )
Process of Liquefaction:
Liquefaction occurs in water logged saturated sediments such as: coastal beach sand.
what happens when the water logged sediments are exposed to seismic shaking the
pores began to close and the water is forced upward causing things to sink and flood.

Causes:
Liquefaction occurs when the structure
of a loose saturated sand breaks down
due to some rapidly applied loading.
As the structure breaks down, the
loosely-packed individual soil particles
attempt to move into a denser
configuration.
DESCRIPTION OF LIQUEFACTION FLOW FAILURE
CASE HISTORIES AND ANALYSES
VLIETEPOLDER, ZEELAND PROVINCE, NETHERLANDS

Description of the Failure

Liquefaction in this region is most likely triggered by:

An oversteepening of the alluvial deltas along the shorelines.
Low tide conditions resulting in seepage out of the bank.

Pre- and post-failure geometry for Vlietepolder failure (from Koppejan et al. 1948)
 Site Geology and Soil Conditions.

General geology of Zeeland coastline (from Silvis and de Groot 1995)

 Yield Shear Strength Analysis

Pre-failure geometry of Vlietepolder shoreline used for yield shear strength and strength
ratio analyses showing critical failure surfaces determined by stability analyses

Pre- and post-failure geometry of Vlietepolder shoreline used for liquefied shear
strength and strength ratio analyses
KAWAGISHI-CHO APARTMENTS, NIIGATA, JAPAN

Description of the Failure

During the 1964 Niigata, Japan earthquake (MW = 7.5), severe liquefaction
occurred throughout the city of Niigata and the surrounding region.

Site Geology and Soil Conditions.

Location of the Kawagishi-cho test site and damage features resulting from the 1964 Niigata
earthquake (from Ishihara and Koga 1981)
 Aerial view of damage to Kawagishi-cho apartment
buildings (from EERI photo CD collection).

Stratigraphy, SPT results, location of

sampling, and Dutch cone sounding at
Kawagishi-cho (from Ishihara and Koga
1981).
UETSU-LINE RAILWAY EMBANKMENT, JAPAN

Description of the Failure

As mentioned in section A.9, severe liquefaction-induced damage occurred
throughout the Niigata area during the 1964 earthquake. Yamada (1966) described a
359 number of embankment failures during the earthquake, indicating that large
sections of sandy fill embankments that were larger than 5 to 6 m suffered severe
damage, including flow failure, slumping, settlement, and lateral spreading.

Cross-section of failed Uetsu-Line railway embankment showing natural stratigraphy

(from Yamada 1966)
Pre-failure geometry of Uetsu-Line railway embankment used in yield shear strength and
strength ratio analyses
 Site Geology and Soil Conditions.
The grain size distributions of the flowed sand, the embankment sand (remaining
after the failure), and the borrow source sand

Grain size distributions of soils involved in Uetsu-Line railway embankment

failure (after Yamada 1966)
Post-failure geometry of Uetsu-Line railway embankment used for liquefied shear strength
and strength ratio analyses
 UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
PRODI GEOTEKNIK JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL

Evan Febri Miranda