Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Module 6 Lecture 25
Dr. R. Nagarajan
Professor
Dept of Chemical Engineering
IIT Madras
1
CONCENTRATION FIELDS, SURFACE MASS-
TRANSFER RATES & COEFFICIENTS
Conservation Equations:
Concentration fields are coupled by the facts that:
Homogeneous reaction rates involve many local
species
All local mass fractions must sum to unity (only N-1
equations are truly independent)
Species i mass conservation condition may be written
as:
i
div (m i'' ) ri ''' (i 1, 2,..., N ),
t
ri ''' local mass rate of production of species i
2
CONCENTRATION FIELDS, SURFACE MASS-
TRANSFER RATES & COEFFICIENTS
Conservation Equations:
Since i = wi, by virtue of total mass conservation:
div(mi'' ) 0
t
and the species balance becomes:
wi
v.gradwi div ji'',diff wi ci ri '''
t
LHS proportional to (Lagrangian) rate of change of wi
following a fluid parcel
RHS wi ci is forced diffusion flux
3
CONCENTRATION FIELDS, SURFACE MASS-
TRANSFER RATES & COEFFICIENTS
Conservation Equations:
PDEs for wi x, t coupled to each other, and to
PDEs governing linear momentum density v(x,t) &
temperature field, T(x,t)
All must be solved simultaneously, to ensure self-
consistency
Simplest PDE governing wA x, t is Laplace
equation:
div gradwA 0
4
CONCENTRATION FIELDS, SURFACE MASS-
TRANSFER RATES & COEFFICIENTS
Conservation Equations:
Laplace eq. holds when there are no:
Transients
Flow effects
Variations in fluid properties
Homogeneous chemical reactions involving species A
Forced diffusion (phoresis) effects
In Cartesian coordinates:
2wA 2wA 2wA
2 0
x 2
y 2
z 5
CONCENTRATION FIELDS, SURFACE MASS-
TRANSFER RATES & COEFFICIENTS
Conservation Equations:
Boundary conditions on wi x, t are of two types:
wi along each boundary surface, or
Some interrelation between flux mi'',w & wi ,w (e.g.,
via heterogeneous chemical kinetics)
Solution methods:
Numerical or analytical
Exact or approximate
Solutions could be carried over from corresponding
momentum or energy transfer problems 6
ANALOGIES & ANALOGY-BREAKERS
7
ANALOGIES & ANALOGY-BREAKERS
Tw T
T x , t ; Re, Pr,...
* * *
Tw T
Under HAC, the rescaled chemical species concentration
w A, w w A
w * x* , t * ; Re, Sc,...
w A, w w A,
And corresponding coefficients, Stm and Num , will be
identical functions of resp. arguments.
8
ANALOGIES & ANALOGY-BREAKERS
MACs:
w 1)
Species A concentration is dilute ( A
MAC:
Schmidt number Sc / DA plays role that Pr does for
heat transfer
Mass-transfer analog of Rah is:
g bw w A, w w A, L
3
v
Ram 2
. Grm .Sc
v DA
where bw defines dependence of local fluid density on wA:
1 1
bw
w A p ,T w A p ,T
10
ANALOGIES & ANALOGY-BREAKERS
Phoresis
mainstream to wall
wA,w << wA,
11
ANALOGIES & ANALOGY-BREAKERS
Num F ( suction).Num,0
where Num,0 mass transfer coefficient without phoretic
enhancement; analogous to Nuh
F(suction) augmentation factor
12
ANALOGIES & ANALOGY-BREAKERS
14
ANALOGIES & ANALOGY-BREAKERS
Dam
tdiff
m,0 / D k '''d m2,0
d 2
tchem 1/ k
'''
D A
and wA,w 1
liquid fuel
18
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
19
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
j ''
A, x
L
a
K A . w A a
l D .ka ,l
overall
A l
ka,l concentration-independent dimensionless equilibrium
solute A partition coefficients, (wA(a)/wA(l))LTCE, between
phase a and phase l (= a, b, g, d, )
dm,eff stagnant film (external) thickness (resistance)
21
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
them
22
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
23
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
p A H .( x A ) solvent H . w A M solvent / M A
where M solvent molecular weight
pA partial pressure of species A in vapor
phase
24
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
25
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
constant k)
26
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
d m(a,eff) ;0
d m(a,eff)
F (reaction)
where
Dam
1/2
F reaction
tanh( Dam)1/2
and
Dam
d 2
m , eff ;0 /D (a )
A
1/ k '''
27
COMPOSITE PLANAR SLAB
28