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Instructional Objectives
Describe characteristics of experimental research
Define levels of the independent variable
Explain the concept of control and its importance in experimental research
Distinguish between true control groups and comparison groups in
experimental research
Define internal and external validity
Identify threats to internal validity and strategies for avoiding or
minimizing them
Identify internal validity problems in research proposals and reports
Describe the difference between random selection and random assignment
and show how they are related to internal and external validity
E Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 X Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8
C Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 - Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8
Multiple-Baseline Designs
In this design, observations are made on several participants, different
target behaviors of one or more subjects, or different situations.
There are 3 basic designs: multiple-baseline across-participants
design, multiple-baseline across-behaviors design, and multiple-
baseline across-settings design.
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Threats to internal Validity (analysis result)
Subject Effects (Hawthorne effect):
The students know that their teacher can check who
works less or more throughout the learning process. As
such, student in experimental group were more serious
about collaborating and willing to follow the group
convention and practices