FOURIER

SERIES
&
ITS
APPLICATION
Prepared By :-

140070125001 Mayur Ayer

140070125006 Tejas Chaudhari
140070125008 Bhargav Ghadvi
140070125011 Mohan Iyer
140070125012 Nikunj Jha
 Periodic Functions
Trigonometric Series
Fourier Series
Functions of Any Period
Even And Odd Functions
Half Range Fourier Series
 A function (x) is called periodic functions if it is
defined for all real x and if there is some positive
number p such that
(x+p) = (x)
f

T
 The series of the form
a0
(a1 cos x b1 sin x) (a2 cos x b2 sin x)
2
.... (an cos x bn sin x) ....
a0 n
(an cos x bn sin x)
2 n 1
Where the constants a0,a1,a2,,b1,b2 are called
coefficients which are to be determined, is called
Trigonometric Series.
 JOSEPH FOURIER

(Founder of Fourier series)

PLAY
 As we know that TAYLOR SERIES representation of functions
are valid only for those functions which are continuous and
differentiable. But there are many discontinuous periodic
function which requires to express in terms of an infinite series
containing sine and cosine terms.

FOURIER SERIES, which is an infinite series representation of

such functions in terms of sine and cosine terms, is useful here.
Thus, FOURIER SERIES, are in certain sense, more UNIVERSAL
than TAYLORs SERIES as it applies to all continuous, periodic
functions and also to the functions which are discontinuous in their
values and derivatives. FOURIER SERIES a very powerful method
to solve ordinary and partial differential equation, particularly with
periodic functions appearing as non-homogenous terms.
FOURIER SERIES can be generally written as,

Where,
(1.1)

(1.2)

(1.3)

Fourier series make use of the orthogonality relationships

of the sine and cosine functions.
 BASIS FORMULAE OF FOURIER SERIES
The Fourier series of a periodic function (x) with period 2 is
defined as the trigonometric series with the coefficient a0, an
and bn, known as FOURIER COEFFICIENTS, determined by
formulae (1.1), (1.2) and (1.3).

The individual terms in Fourier Series are known as

HARMONICS.

Every function (x) of period 2 satisfying following conditions

known as DIRICHLETS CONDITIONS, can be expressed in the
form of Fourier series.
CONDITIONS :-

1. (x) is bounded and single value.

( A function (x) is called single valued if each point
in the domain, it has unique value in the range.)
2. (x) has at most, a finite no. of maxima and minima in the
interval.
3. (x) has at most, a finite no. of discontinuities in the
interval.

EXAMPLE:
sin-1x, we can say that the function sin-1x cant be
expressed as Fourier series as it is not a single valued
function.

tanx, also in the interval (0,2) cannot be

expressed as a Fourier Series because it is infinite at
x= /2.
 Fourier series for EVEN and ODD functions

EVEN FUNCTIONS

If function (x) is an even periodic function with the period

2L (L x L), then (x)cos(nx/L) is even while (x)sin(nx/L)
is odd.
Thus the Fourier series expansion of an even periodic
function (x) with period 2L (L x L) is given by,

a0
nx
f ( x) an cos
2 n 1 L

Where, 2 L
a0
L 0
f ( x )dx

2 L nx
an f ( x) cos dx n 1,2,
L 0 L
bn 0
 ODD FUNCTIONS

If function (x) is an even periodic function with the period

2L (L x L), then (x)cos(nx/L) is even while (x)sin(nx/L)
is odd.

Thus the Fourier series expansion of an odd periodic function (x)

with period 2L (L x L) is given by,

nx
f ( x) bn sin( )
n 1 L

Where,
2 L nx
bn f ( x) sin dx n 1,2,
L 0 L
 Half Range Fourier series

Suppose that we are given a function (x) defined only

on the interval of the form 0<x<L an we want to
represent it on this interval by a Fourier series of
period 2L.
Such Fourier series are known as Half Range
Fourier Series or Half Range Expansions.
 HALF RANGE FOURIER COSINE SERIER

Let the even periodic extension of (x) in (-L,0) denoted by FE and

is defined as
FE(x)= (x) ;0<x<L
= (-x) ;-L<x<o
(Even Extension of (x))
And FE(x+2L)= e(x),x

Then the Fourier series of FE(x) in the interval L<x<L is as

follows
a0
nx
f ( x) an cos
2 n 1 L

2 2 L nx

L
Where, a0
L 0
a
f ( x )dx n
L 0
f ( x ) cos
L
dx n 1,2,
bn 0
Its contains only cosine terms so it is called half range Fourier
cosine series.
 HALF RANGE FOURIER SINE SERIER

If we extend the function (x) in interval (-L,0) in an odd way as

defined below
Fo(x)= (x) ;0<x<L
=-(-x) ;-L<x<o
(Odd Extension of (x))
And Fo(x+2L)= o(x),x

Then the Fourier series of Fo(x) in the interval L<x<L is as

follows

nx
f ( x) bn sin( )
n 1 L

Where, b 2 L nx
L
n f ( x) sin dx n 1,2,
0 L

Its contains only sine terms so it is called half range Fourier sine
series.
 Examples..

Question.: Find the Fourier series of f(x) = x2+x , - x .

Solution.: The Fourier series of (x) is given by,

Using above,
1
a0


f ( x)dx

1



( x 2 x )dx

1 x3 x2


3 2
 1 3 2 3 2 2
3
a0

3 2 3 2
3

Now,
1
an


f ( x) cos nxdx

1



( x 2 x) cos nxdx

1 sin nx cos nx sin nx
( x 2 x) ( 2 x 1) ( 2)
n n 2
n 3

1 cos n cos n
(2 1) (2 1)
n 2
n 2
1 (1) n (1) n
(2 1) 2 (2 1) 2
n n
4(1) n

n2
Now, 1
bn


f ( x) sin nxdx

1



( x 2 x) sin nxdx

1 2 cos nx sin nx cos nx
( x x) (2 x 1) 2 (2) 3
n n n
1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) n
(1)
n
(1)
n n

(1) n
n

2 2
2(1) n

n
Hence Fourier series of, f(x) = x2+x,
2
4( 1
) n
2( 1) n

x2 x 2 cos nx sin nx
3 n1 n n