Activating Prior knowledge

Tell your partner:

How did you organize the information in
your speech about a memorable person?

Birth Death
date Important events

What order did you use to arrange information?

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of todays session you should be able to:
List
and describe five patterns for organising the
main ideas of a speech.

Identify
the purpose and types of an informative
speech.

Identify the four main components for effective

outines

Brainstorm ideas for an outline for speech 2.

Why is Organization important
in your speech?
Process of organising the body
of your speech
Number of main points
Main points

May come with the Most speeches have

specific purpose two or three main points
research. condensed into
categories.
 Strategic order of Main Points
follow a time
sequence (historical
Chronological events, a process,
break the speech etc.)
into logical topics
follow a directional
Topical Spatial pattern (right to left,
east to west)
Main
points can
be ..

Problem- First point deals

show a cause- Casual with the problem
and-effect solution and the second one
relationship. with the solution
+
Chronological Order
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience when the
Great Wall of China was built.

Main Points: I. Building of the Great Wall began

during the Qin dynasty of 221-206
B.C.
II. New sections of the Great Wall
were added during the Han
dynasty of 206 B.C.-220 A.D.
III. The Great Wall was completed
during the Ming Dynasty of
1368-1644.
+
Spatial Order
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the
design of the Eiffel Tower.

Main Points: I. The lowest section of the tower

contains the entrance, a gift
shop, and a restaurant.
II. The middle section of the tower
consists of stairs and elevators
that lead to the top.
III. The top section of the tower has
an observation deck with a
spectacular view of Paris.
+
Problem-Solution Order
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that
legislation is needed to control the
abuses of fraudulent fund-raisers.

Main Points: I. Fraudulent charity fund-raising

has become a widespread
national problem.
II. The problem can be solved by a
combination of government
initiative and individual
awareness.
+
Causal Order
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the
possible causes for the collapse
of Mayan civilization.

Main Points: I. Mayan civilization flourished for

over a thousand years until 900
A.D., when it mysteriously began
to disintegrate.
II. Scholars have advanced three
major explanations for the causes
of this disintegration.
+
Topical Order
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the
artistic versatility of Pablo
Picasso.

Main Points: I. As a painter, Picasso tested the

limits of abstraction.
II. As a sculptor, Picasso often
incorporated found objects.
III. As a printmaker, Picasso gave
vent to his thoughts and
eroticism.
What does the introduction
do?
Get the audiences attention

Reveal the topic

Relate the topic to the audience

Establish credibility

Preview main ideas

How to get the audiences attention

Use an Give a
illustration, startling Give a
story or fact or quotation
anecdote statistic
Reference
Use Use to
appropriate questions historical
humor events

Refer to Refer to a
the preceding
occasion speech
 Quotation

Abraham Lincoln once said, You can fool all of

the people some of the time, you can even fool
some of the people all of the time, but you cant
fool all of the people all of the time. We can no
longer be fooled by the newspapers.
Reference to the occasion

Fellow toastmasters and guests, six months

ago when we started this club we had just 7
members in the hall. Look around and see the
number of people we have today. That is the
power of belief, that is the power of team
work that is the power of leadership.
 A story

"A dark chill night... time was 12 o'clock. I was

walking alone in the road... there was absolute
silence... my heart was beating lub dub... lub dud..
rain started drizzling... all of a sudden I heard a loud
noise... A car had rammed into a tree. I rushed to the
car. The driver was unconscious. There was smell of
whisky. Friends, this is what happens when you drink
and drive."
 Question(s)
How many of you want to stay fit, but do not
have a regular exercise routine? How many of
you here take 'new year resolutions' but do not
follow them? How many of you have personal
goals for which you hardly spend any time? -
 Startling information

Today, John Elway's talents are worth

millions, but in 1840 the price of a human

life, a slave, was worth $1,000.00.

Personal story

A series of powerful
questions
Reveal the Make sure the audience understands
topic the topic of the speech

Relate the
tell them how the topic specifically relates
topic to the and it is relevant to them
audience

Establish Why should we listen to YOU?" Give some

type of factual information or some reference
credibility that you are competent about the topic.

identify the main points to be discussed in

Preview the body.
Lets analyze the following
introduction.
The Miracle of Bone Marrow Transplants

Attention
getter:
A story

Reveal
the topic

credibility

Relates topic to
the audience
and shows
importance of
the topic

Preview
main points
The conclusion
 Paraphrase your
Summarize CENTRAL IDEA.
the Establish a sense of
message order by reminding
audience of message

Use a Recommended
Clincher technique
Create
Closure Reflect on the meaning
and significance of the
speech
 Recommended Clincher
Techniques
1. Reference to the Introduction Refer to the remarks used to introduce your topic to
promote continuity and closure.
2. Stories and Illustrations: Stories or examples (personal or not) illustrate importance of
topic.
3. Shocking Facts, Statement, or Situation: Present a claim or situation that seems so
unreal it shocks or startles the audience.
4. Rhetorical Question: A rhetorical question, in essence, tells the audience to "think about
it."
5. Quotation: A quote can express feelings eloquently and reinforce the speaker's ideas.
6. Humor: An appropriate and genuinely funny joke or anecdote leaves them in a good
mood.
7. Challenge, Appeal, or Request for Action (Persuasive Speeches ONLY)
Challenge: a request for audience to make some kind of effort to support topic.
Appeal: a specific, direct request for audience to engage in a particular, specific act.
 CONCLUSION
We have seen, then, that becoming a bone marrow
donor is safe and relatively painless. We have also seen
the immense benefits to the people who receive bone
marrow transplants. Finally, we have seen how donors
and recipients are matched up through a national
network of bone marrow organizations.

It is now more than three years since Greg received his

bone marrow transplant. In that time, he has changed
from a very sick young boy to a busy, healthy, active
young man. Greg says of his donor, Without her, I
wouldnt be here today. I owe my whole life, and
everything I ever accomplish, to her. Through bone
marrow donation, all of us have the opportunity to make
that kind of contribution.
Use of connectives:
designate

Transitions However; But; Nevertheless; On the contrary; Because;

And; Lastly; Yet; On the other hand.

Internal "there are a couple of points I would like to make here,

preview there is both a problem and a solution to propose

Internal "I have reviewed,

"Now that I have talked about a couple of the key points,
summaries To summarize, ..

Signposts First I will ., To begin with .

 HOMEWORK
Readthe guidelines for informative
speaking (Lucas pp. 308-315)
Dont overestimate what the audience knows
Relate the subject directly to the audience
Personalize your ideas
Dont be too technical
Avoid abstractions
Personalise your ideas

Identify key ideas and be prepared for

class discussion.
METACOGNITION
Ellaborate an outline for your next speech.
INFORMATIVE SPEECH
 Pair-work
Discuss the following:

What is an informative speech?

How many types are there? List them
How important are informative speech
skills in everyday situations? in your
college courses? in the business world?
Think of examples.
 INFORMATIVE SPEECH
A speech that teaches others

new information concepts processes

ideas principles

to convey knowledge or understanding

 Speeches to Inform
Aimed at educating listeners.
Communicate information to others.
Speakers teach; they:
define
illustrate
clarify
elaborate
TYPES OF INFORMATIVE
SPEECH
objects

events processes

concept
s
 Could be arranged
topically,
Spatially (position),
or chronologically
(time).
Anything tangible,
what Level of detail
determined by
you could see or
speech time
touch.
length.

objects
 PROCESSES

Explain how something is made,

How something is done, or
How something works.

Explain a process so
Explain a process so
listeners
that listeners
will be able to perform
understand, know.
the process.
It can be arranged:
TOPICAL ORDER
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER Focusing on major principles or
Explaining the process techniques involved in performing
step by step the process
 EVENTS

explain anything that happens or is

regarded as happening.

it can:

Approach the event from

Recount the history of the Different perspectives:
event features, origins, implications,
benefits, etc.
usually usually
arranged in arranged in

TOPICAL ORDER
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Subdividing the subject logically
Explaining the process
and
step by step
consistently
 CONCEPTS

Explain or describe beliefs, theories,

Ideas, principles, etc.
They are more abstract than the others

arranged usually

TOPICAL ORDER ANOTHER APPROACH;

Focusing on main features or To define the concept
aspects of the concept.

Examples:
IMPORTANT!! Theories of aging
Islam
Concepts must be clear and
Evolution
comprehensible Confusionism
to listeners Numerology
 ppt Types of Speeches: Informing
what is to inform slides 7 to 10
KINDS OF Typical SAMPLE TOPICS
SPEECHES Description Organisation
Pattern

People, objects,
places

Events
Processes or
procedures

Ideas, concepts
 Types of Speeches: Informing

KINDS OF TYPICAL SAMPLE TOPICS

SPEECHES DESCRIPTION ORGANISATION
PATTERN

People, Presents information through

tangible things. Topical The Rossetta Stone
objects, Describes either famous Spatial Nelson Mandela
places people, personal Chronological Pisa Tower
acquaintances, things, places.
Inti Raymi
Events Describes an event that either
Topical
Spatial October 8th
has happened or will happen Thanksgiving Day
Chronological

Processes or Reviews how something works

How to: Fix a computer
Topical Operate a nuclear
procedures or describe a process.
Chronological power plant.
Buy a quality used car

Ideas, Presents abstract information or Communism

Topical Buddhism
concepts discusses concepts, theories or
Reincarnation
issues.
 Speech 2
Type: Informative (people, events or
processes.)
Duration: from 3 to 4 minutes.
Consider: 2 or 3 main ideas which
should be supported with a variety of
supporting materials.
Day of delivery: Week 6
 Why create an Outline?

Aids in the process of writing

Helps you organize your ideas

Presents your material in a logical form

Shows the relationships among ideas in

your speech
 OUTLINING

Outlines are essential to effective speeches.

By outlining, you make sure that
a. Related ideas are together.
b. Your thoughts flow from one to another.
c. The structure of the speech is coherent.
 For the Preparation Outline: You
should
State your specific purpose and central idea.
Identify main points, subpoints, and sub
subpoints by a consistent pattern of
symbolization and indentation.
 Four main components for
effective outlines
Parallelism Each heading and subheading should preserve a
parallel structure

All the information contained in Heading 1 should

Coordination have the same significance as the information in
Heading 2.

The information in the headings should be general,

Subordination while the information in the subheadings should be
more specific.

Division Each heading should be divided into two or more

parts.
Elements of the outline
Title
Specific purpose
Central idea
Introduction
Main points
Sub points
Connectives
Conclusion
Bibliography Lucas p. 213
Use of connectives:
designate

Transitions However; But; Nevertheless; On the contrary; Because;

And; Lastly; Yet; On the other hand.

Internal "there are a couple of points I would like to make here,

preview there is both a problem and a solution to propose

Internal "I have reviewed,

"Now that I have talked about a couple of the key points,
summaries To summarize, ..

Signposts First I will ., To begin with .