Dynamics - Chapter 13

Ninth Edition
CHAPTER VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:
13 DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Kinetics of Particles:
Lecture Notes:
Energy and Momentum
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University Methods
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition
Ninth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 13.6
Work of a Force Sample Problem 13.7
Principle of Work & Energy Sample Problem 13.9
Applications of the Principle of Principle of Impulse and Momentum
Work & Energy Impulsive Motion
Power and Efficiency Sample Problem 13.10
Sample Problem 13.1 Sample Problem 13.11
Sample Problem 13.2 Sample Problem 13.12
Sample Problem 13.3 Impact
Sample Problem 13.4 Direct Central Impact
Sample Problem 13.5 Oblique Central Impact
Potential Energy Problems Involving Energy and
Conservative Forces Momentum
Conservation of Energy Sample Problem 13.14
Motion Under a Conservative Sample Problem 13.15
Central Force Sample Problems 13.16
Sample Problem 13.17
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 2
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Ninth
Introduction
Previously, problems dealing with the motion of particles
were

solved through the fundamental equation of motion, F ma.
Current chapter introduces two additional methods of analysis.
Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass,

velocity and displacement.
Method of impulse and momentum: directly relates force,

mass, velocity, and time.

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Work of a Force

Differential vector dr is the particle displacement.
Work of the force is

dU F dr
F ds cos
Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz
Work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude and

sign but not direction.
Dimensions of work are length force. Units are

1 J joule 1 N 1 m 1ft lb 1.356 J

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Work of a Force
Work of a force during a finite displacement,
A2

U12 F dr
A1
s2 s2
F cos ds Ft ds
s1 s1
A2
Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz
A1
Work is represented by the area under the

curve of Ft plotted against s.

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Work of a Force
Work of a constant force in rectilinear motion,
U12 F cos x
Work of the force of gravity,

dU Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz
W dy
y2
U12 W dy
y1
W y 2 y1 W y
Work of the weight is equal to product of

weight W and vertical displacement y.
Work of the weight is positive when y < 0,

i.e., when the weight moves down.
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Work of a Force
Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is
proportional to deflection,
F kx
k spring constant N/m or lb/in.
Work of the force exerted by spring,
dU F dx kx dx
x2
U12 kx dx 12 kx12 12 kx22
x1
Work of the force exerted by spring is positive

when x2 < x1, i.e., when the spring is returning to
its undeformed position.
Work of the force exerted by the spring is equal to

negative of area under curve of F plotted against x,
U12 12 F1 F2 x

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Work of a Force
Work of a gravitational force (assume particle M

occupies fixed position O while particle m follows path
shown),
Mm
dU Fdr G 2 dr
r
r2
Mm Mm Mm
U12 G dr G G
r1 r2 r2 r1

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Work of a Force
Forces which do not do work (ds = 0 or cos 0:
reaction at frictionless pin supporting rotating body,
reaction at frictionless surface when body in contact

moves along surface,
reaction at a roller moving along its track, and
weight of a body when its center of gravity moves

horizontally.

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Particle Kinetic Energy: Principle of Work & Energy
Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by force F
dv
Ft mat m
dt
dv ds dv
m mv
ds dt ds
F t ds mv dv
Integrating from A1 to A2 ,
s2 v2
Ft ds m v dv 12 mv2 12 mv1
2 2
s1 v1
U12 T2 T1 T 12 mv 2 kinetic energy

The work of the force F is equal to the change in
kinetic energy of the particle.
Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:
2
m m
T 12 mv kg kg 2 m N m J
2
s s
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Applications of the Principle of Work and Energy
Wish to determine velocity of pendulum bob
at A2. Consider work & kinetic energy.

Force P acts normal to path and does no
work.
T1 U12 T2
1W 2
0 Wl v2
2g
v2 2 gl
Velocity found without determining
expression for acceleration and integrating.
All quantities are scalars and can be added

directly.
Forces which do no work are eliminated from

the problem.
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Applications of the Principle of Work and Energy
Principle of work and energy cannot be
applied to directly determine the acceleration
of the pendulum bob.
Calculating the tension in the cord requires

supplementing the method of work and energy
with an application of Newtons second law.
As the bob passes through A2 ,

Fn m an
W v22
P W
g l
W 2 gl
P W 3W
v2 2 gl g l

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Ninth
Power and Efficiency
Power rate at which work is done.

dU F dr

dt dt

F v
Dimensions of power are work/time or force*velocity.

Units for power are
J m ft lb
1 W (watt) 1 1 N or 1 hp 550 746 W
s s s
efficiency
output work

input work
power output

power input

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Problem 14.5 (Dynamics, 14th Edition, R.C. Hibbeler, Pearson)

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Sample Problem 13.1
SOLUTION:
Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.
Determine the distance required for the
work to equal the kinetic energy change.
An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed of
60 mi/h when the brakes are applied
causing a constant total breaking force
of 1500 lb.
Determine the distance traveled by the
automobile as it comes to a stop.

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Ninth
Sample Problem 13.1
SOLUTION:
Evaluate the change in kinetic energy.
mi 5280 ft h
v1 60 88 ft s
h mi 3600 s
T1 12 mv12 12 4000 32.2 882 481000ft lb
v2 0 T2 0
Determine the distance required for the work
to equal the kinetic energy change.
U12 1500lbx 4000lbsin 5x
1151lbx
T1 U12 T2
481000ft lb 1151lbx 0
x 418 ft
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Ninth
Sample Problem 13.2
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of work and
energy separately to blocks A and B.
When the two relations are combined,

the work of the cable forces cancel.
Solve for the velocity.
Two blocks are joined by an inextensible
cable as shown. If the system is released
from rest, determine the velocity of block
A after it has moved 2 m. Assume that the
coefficient of friction between block A
and the plane is mk = 0.25 and that the
pulley is weightless and frictionless.

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Sample Problem 13.2
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of work and energy separately
to blocks A and B.

W A 200 kg 9.81m s 2 1962 N
FA m k N A m k W A 0.251962 N 490 N
T1 U12 T2 :
0 FC 2 m FA 2 m 12 m A v 2
FC 2 m 490 N 2 m 12 200 kg v 2

WB 300 kg 9.81m s 2 2940 N
T1 U12 T2 :
0 Fc 2 m WB 2 m 12 m B v 2
Fc 2 m 2940 N 2 m 12 300 kg v 2

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Sample Problem 13.2
When the two relations are combined, the work of the
cable forces cancel. Solve for the velocity.
FC 2 m 490 N 2 m 12 200 kg v 2
Fc 2 m 2940 N 2 m 12 300 kg v 2
2940 N 2 m 490 N 2 m 12 200 kg 300 kg v 2

4900 J 12 500 kg v 2
v 4.43 m s

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Sample Problem 13.3
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of work and energy
between the initial position and the
point at which the spring is fully
compressed and the velocity is zero.
A spring is used to stop a 60 kg package The only unknown in the relation is the
which is sliding on a horizontal surface. friction coefficient.
The spring has a constant k = 20 kN/m
and is held by cables so that it is initially Apply the principle of work and energy
compressed 120 mm. The package has a for the rebound of the package. The
velocity of 2.5 m/s in the position shown only unknown in the relation is the
and the maximum deflection of the spring velocity at the final position.
is 40 mm.
Determine (a) the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the package and surface
and (b) the velocity of the package as it
passes again through the position shown.
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Sample Problem 13.3
SOLUTION:
Apply principle of work and energy between initial
position and the point at which spring is fully compressed.
T1 12 mv12 12 60 kg 2.5 m s 2 187.5 J T2 0
U12 f m kW x

m k 60 kg 9.81m s 2 0.640 m 377 J m k
Pmin kx0 20 kN m 0.120 m 2400 N

Pmax k x0 x 20 kN m 0.160 m 3200 N
U12 e 12 Pmin Pmax x
12 2400 N 3200 N 0.040 m 112.0 J
U12 U12 f U12 e 377 J m k 112 J
T1 U12 T2 :
187.5 J - 377 J m k 112 J 0 mk 0.20
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Sample Problem 13.3
Apply the principle of work and energy for the rebound
of the package.
T2 0 T 3 12 mv32 12 60kg v32
U 23 U 23 f U 23 e 377 J m k 112 J
36.5 J
T2 U 23 T3 :
0 36.5 J 12 60 kg v32
v3 1.103 m s

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Ninth
Potential Energy

Work of the force of gravity W,
U12 W y1 W y2
Work is independent of path followed; depends

only on the initial and final values of Wy.
V g Wy
potential energy of the body with respect
to force of gravity.
U12 V g 1 Vg 2
Choice of datum from which the elevation y is
measured is arbitrary.
Units of work and potential energy are the same:

Vg Wy N m J

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Potential Energy
Previous expression for potential energy of a body
with respect to gravity is only valid when the
weight of the body can be assumed constant.
For a space vehicle, the variation of the force of

gravity with distance from the center of the earth
should be considered.
Work of a gravitational force,

GMm GMm
U12
r2 r1
Potential energy Vg when the variation in the

force of gravity can not be neglected,
GMm WR 2
Vg
r r
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Ninth
Potential Energy
Work of the force exerted by a spring depends
only on the initial and final deflections of the
spring,
U12 12 kx12 12 kx22
The potential energy of the body with respect

to the elastic force,
Ve 12 kx 2
U12 Ve 1 Ve 2
Note that the preceding expression for Ve is

valid only if the deflection of the spring is
measured from its undeformed position.

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Conservative Forces
Concept of potential energy can be applied if the
work of the force is independent of the path
followed by its point of application.
U12 V x1, y1, z1 V x2 , y2 , z2
Such forces are described as conservative forces.
For any conservative force applied on a closed path,

F dr 0
Elementary work corresponding to displacement
between two neighboring points,
dU V x, y, z V x dx, y dy, z dz
dV x, y, z
V V V
Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz dx dy dz
x y z
V V V
F gradV
x y z
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Conservation of Energy
Work of a conservative force,
U12 V1 V2
Concept of work and energy,

U12 T2 T1
Follows that
T1 V1 T2 V2
E T V constant
T1 0 V1 W When a particle moves under the action of
T1 V1 W conservative forces, the total mechanical
energy is constant.
1W
T2 12 mv22 2 g W V2 0 Friction forces are not conservative. Total
2g
mechanical energy of a system involving
T2 V2 W friction decreases.
Mechanical energy is dissipated by friction
into thermal energy. Total energy is constant.
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Motion Under a Conservative Central Force
When a particle moves under a conservative central
force, both the principle of conservation of angular
momentum
r0 mv0 sin 0 rmv sin
and the principle of conservation of energy
T0 V0 T V
GMm 1 2 GMm
1 mv 2
2 0 2 mv
r0 r
may be applied.
Given r, the equations may be solved for v and j.
At minimum and maximum r, j 90o. Given the

launch conditions, the equations may be solved for
rmin, rmax, vmin, and vmax.

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Sample Problem 13.6
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of conservation of
energy between positions 1 and 2.
The elastic and gravitational potential
energies at 1 and 2 are evaluated from
the given information. The initial kinetic
energy is zero.
A 20 lb collar slides without friction Solve for the kinetic energy and velocity
along a vertical rod as shown. The at 2.
spring attached to the collar has an
undeflected length of 4 in. and a
constant of 3 lb/in.
If the collar is released from rest at
position 1, determine its velocity after
it has moved 6 in. to position 2.
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Ninth
Sample Problem 13.6
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of conservation of energy between
positions 1 and 2.
Position 1: Ve 12 kx12 12 3 lb in.8 in. 4 in.2 24 in. lb

V1 Ve Vg 24 in. lb 0 2 ft lb
T1 0
Position 2: Ve 12 kx22 12 3 lb in.10 in. 4 in.2 54 in. lb
Vg Wy 20 lb 6 in. 120 in. lb
V2 Ve Vg 54 120 66 in. lb 5.5 ft lb
1 20 2
T2 12 mv22 v2 0.311v22
2 32.2
Conservation of Energy:
T1 V1 T2 V2
0 2 ft lb 0.311v22 5.5 ft lb
v2 4.91ft s
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Ninth
Sample Problem 13.9
SOLUTION:
For motion under a conservative central
force, the principles of conservation of
energy and conservation of angular
momentum may be applied simultaneously.
Apply the principles to the points of
minimum and maximum altitude to
A satellite is launched in a direction
determine the maximum altitude.
parallel to the surface of the earth
with a velocity of 36900 km/h from Apply the principles to the orbit insertion
an altitude of 500 km. point and the point of minimum altitude to
determine maximum allowable orbit
Determine (a) the maximum altitude
insertion angle error.
reached by the satellite, and (b) the
maximum allowable error in the
direction of launching if the satellite
is to come no closer than 200 km to
the surface of the earth
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Sample Problem 13.9
Apply the principles of conservation of energy and
conservation of angular momentum to the points of minimum
and maximum altitude to determine the maximum altitude.
Conservation of energy:
GMm 1 2 GMm
TA VA TA VA 1 mv 2
2 0 2 mv1
r0 r1
Conservation of angular momentum:
r
r0mv0 r1mv1 v1 v0 0
r1
Combining,
2
1 v 2 1 r0 GM 1 r0 r0 2GM
2 0 2 1
r1 r0 r1 r1 r0v02
r0 6370 km 500 km 6870 km
v0 36900 km h 10.25 106 m s
2
GM gR 2 9.81m s 2 6.37 106 m 398 1012 m3 s 2
r1 60.4 106 m 60400 km

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Sample Problem 13.9
Apply the principles to the orbit insertion point and the point
of minimum altitude to determine maximum allowable orbit
insertion angle error.
Conservation of energy:
T0 V0 TA VA 1 mv 2 GMm 1 mv 2
GMm
2 0 2 max
r0 rmin
Conservation of angular momentum:

r
r0mv0 sin 0 rmin mvmax vmax v0 sin 0 0
rmin
Combining and solving for sin j0,

sin 0 0.9801
j0 90 11.5 allowable error 11.5

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Ninth
Principle of Impulse and Momentum
From Newtons second law,
d
F mv mv linear momentum
dt

Fdt d mv
t2
Fdt mv 2 mv 1
t1
Dimensions of the impulse of t2
a force are Fdt Imp12 impulse of the force F
force*time. t1

Units for the impulse of a mv1 Imp12 mv2
force are

N s kg m s s kg m s
2 The final momentum of the particle can be
obtained by adding vectorially its initial
momentum and the impulse of the force during
the time interval.

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Impulsive Motion
Force acting on a particle during a very short
time interval that is large enough to cause a
significant change in momentum is called an
impulsive force.
When impulsive forces act on a particle,

mv1 F t mv2
When a baseball is struck by a bat, contact

occurs over a short time interval but force is
large enough to change sense of ball motion.
Nonimpulsive
forces are forces for which
Ft is small and therefore, may be
neglected.

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SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum. The impulse is equal to the
product of the constant forces and the
time interval.
An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed of
60 mi/h when the brakes are applied,
causing a constant total braking force of
1500 lb.
Determine the time required for the
automobile to come to a stop.

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Ninth
SOLUTION:
momentum.

mv1 Imp12 mv2
Taking components parallel to the

incline,
mv1 W sin 5t Ft 0
4000
88 ft s 4000sin 5t 1500t 0
32.2
t 9.49 s

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Ninth
SOLUTION:
momentum in terms of horizontal and
vertical component equations.
A 4 oz baseball is pitched with a

velocity of 80 ft/s. After the ball is hit
by the bat, it has a velocity of 120 ft/s
in the direction shown. If the bat and
ball are in contact for 0.015 s,
determine the average impulsive force
exerted on the ball during the impact.

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Ninth
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum in
terms of horizontal and vertical component equations.

mv1 Imp12 mv2
x component equation:
mv1 Fx t mv2 cos 40

4 16
80 Fx 0.015 4 16 120 cos 40
32.2 32.2
Fx 89 lb
y component equation:
y
0 Fy t mv2 sin 40
Fy 0.015 120 cos 40

x 4 16
32.2
Fy 39.9 lb

F 89 lb i 39.9 lb j , F 97.5 lb
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Impact
Impact: Collision between two bodies which
occurs during a small time interval and during
which the bodies exert large forces on each other.
Line of Impact: Common normal to the surfaces

in contact during impact.
Central Impact: Impact for which the mass

Direct Central Impact centers of the two bodies lie on the line of impact;
otherwise, it is an eccentric impact..
Direct Impact: Impact for which the velocities of

the two bodies are directed along the line of
impact.
Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of

the bodies move along a line other than the line of
impact.
Oblique Central Impact
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Ninth
Direct Central Impact
Bodies moving in the same straight line,
vA > vB .
Upon impact the bodies undergo a
period of deformation, at the end of which,
they are in contact and moving at a
common velocity.
A period of restitution follows during
which the bodies either regain their
original shape or remain permanently
deformed.
Wish to determine the final velocities of the
two bodies. The total momentum of the
two body system is preserved,
m Av A mB v B mB vB mB vB
A second relation between the final
velocities is required.
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Ninth
Direct Central Impact
e coefficient of restitution
Period of deformation: m Av A Pdt m Au

Rdt u vA

Pdt v A u
0 e 1
Period of restitution: m Au Rdt m AvA
vB u
A similar analysis of particle B yields e
u vB
Combining the relations leads to the desired vB vA ev A v B

second relation between the final velocities.
Perfectly plastic impact, e = 0: vB vA v m Av A mB v B m A mB v
Perfectly elastic impact, e = 1: vB vA v A v B

Total energy and total momentum conserved.
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Final velocities are
unknown in magnitude
and direction. Four
equations are required.
No tangential impulse component; v A t vA t v B t vB t

tangential component of momentum
for each particle is conserved.
Normal component of total m A v A n mB v B n m A vA n mB vB n
momentum of the two particles is
conserved.
Normal components of relative vB n vA n ev A n v B n
velocities before and after impact
are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
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Ninth
Block constrained to move along horizontal

surface.

Impulses from internal forces F and F
along the n axis and from external force Fext
exerted by horizontal surface and directed
along the vertical to the surface.
Final velocity of ball unknown in direction and

magnitude and unknown final block velocity
magnitude. Three equations required.

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Ninth
Tangential momentum of ball is v B t vB t

conserved.
Total horizontal momentum of block m A v A mB v B x m A vA mB vB x
and ball is conserved.
Normal component of relative vB n vA n ev A n v B n
velocities of block and ball are related
by coefficient of restitution.
Note: Validity of last expression does not follow from previous relation for
the coefficient of restitution. A similar but separate derivation is required.
Edition
Ninth
Problems Involving Energy and Momentum
Three methods for the analysis of kinetics problems:
- Direct application of Newtons second law
- Method of work and energy
- Method of impulse and momentum
Select the method best suited for the problem or part of a problem
under consideration.

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Ninth
SOLUTION:
Resolve ball velocity into components
normal and tangential to wall.
Impulse exerted by the wall is normal
to the wall. Component of ball
momentum tangential to wall is
conserved.
Assume that the wall has infinite mass
A ball is thrown against a frictionless,
so that wall velocity before and after
vertical wall. Immediately before the
impact is zero. Apply coefficient of
ball strikes the wall, its velocity has a
restitution relation to find change in
magnitude v and forms angle of 30o
normal relative velocity between wall
with the horizontal. Knowing that
and ball, i.e., the normal ball velocity.
e = 0.90, determine the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of the ball as
it rebounds from the wall.

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Ninth
SOLUTION:
Resolve ball velocity into components parallel and
perpendicular to wall.
vn v cos 30 0.866v vt v sin 30 0.500v
Component of ball momentum tangential to wall is conserved.

vt vt 0.500v
t
Apply coefficient of restitution relation with zero wall
n velocity.
0 vn evn 0
vn 0.90.866v 0.779v

v 0.779v n 0.500v t
0.779
v 0.926v tan 1 32.7
0.500

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Ninth
SOLUTION:
Resolve the ball velocities into components
normal and tangential to the contact plane.
Tangential component of momentum for

each ball is conserved.
The magnitude and direction of the Total normal component of the momentum
velocities of two identical of the two ball system is conserved.
frictionless balls before they strike
each other are as shown. Assuming The normal relative velocities of the
e = 0.9, determine the magnitude balls are related by the coefficient of
and direction of the velocity of each restitution.
ball after the impact.
Solve the last two equations simultaneously
for the normal velocities of the balls after
the impact.

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Ninth
SOLUTION:
Resolve the ball velocities into components normal and
tangential to the contact plane.
v A n v A cos 30 26.0 ft s v A t v A sin 30 15.0 ft s
vB n vB cos 60 20.0 ft s vB t vB sin 60 34.6 ft s
Tangential component of momentum for each ball is

conserved.
vA t v A t 15.0 ft s vB t vB t 34.6 ft s
Total normal component of the momentum of the two

ball system is conserved.
mA v A n mB vB n mA vA n mB vB n
m26.0 m 20.0 mvA n mvB n
vA n vB n 6.0

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Ninth
The normal relative velocities of the balls are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
vB n vA n ev A n vB n
0.9026.0 20.0 41.4
Solve the last two equations simultaneously for the normal

velocities of the balls after the impact.
vA n 17.7 ft s vB n 23.7 ft s

v A 17.7t 15.0n
n
15.0
vA 23.2 ft s tan 1 40.3
17.7

vB 23.7t 34.6n
34.6
vB 41.9 ft s tan 1
t
55.6
23. 7

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Ninth Edition

CHAPTER VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass,

Method of impulse and momentum: directly relates force,

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 3

Work of the force is

Work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude and

Dimensions of work are length force. Units are

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 4

Work is represented by the area under the

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 5

Work of the force of gravity,

Work of the weight is equal to product of

Work of the weight is positive when y < 0,

Work of the force exerted by spring is positive

Work of the force exerted by the spring is equal to

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 7

Work of a gravitational force (assume particle M

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 8

Forces which do not do work (ds = 0 or cos 0:

reaction at frictionless pin supporting rotating body,

reaction at frictionless surface when body in contact

reaction at a roller moving along its track, and

weight of a body when its center of gravity moves

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 9

U12 T2 T1 T 12 mv 2 kinetic energy

All quantities are scalars and can be added

Forces which do no work are eliminated from

Calculating the tension in the cord requires

As the bob passes through A2 ,

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 12

Dimensions of power are work/time or force*velocity.

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 13

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 14

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 15

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 16

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 - 17

An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 18

When the two relations are combined,

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 20

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 21

2940 N 2 m 490 N 2 m 12 200 kg 300 kg v 2

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 22

Pmin kx0 20 kN m 0.120 m 2400 N

U12 U12 f U12 e 377 J m k 112 J

T2 0 T 3 12 mv32 12 60kg v32

2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 25

Work is independent of path followed; depends

Units of work and potential energy are the same:

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For a space vehicle, the variation of the force of

Work of a gravitational force,

Potential energy Vg when the variation in the

The potential energy of the body with respect

Note that the preceding expression for Ve is

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Concept of work and energy,

Given r, the equations may be solved for v and j.

At minimum and maximum r, j 90o. Given the

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Position 1: Ve 12 kx12 12 3 lb in.8 in. 4 in.2 24 in. lb

r1 60.4 106 m 60400 km