Dynamic Compressors Part 2

DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Centrifugal compressor
Construction: Thrust Bearings
Gear couplings can transmit thrust to the compressor
because of the tooth friction.
The standard uses an arbitrary friction coefficient of 0.25,
which can be a design basis.
Diaphragm couplings transmit thrust because of the
flexing element axial stiffness.
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The basic type of thrust bearing
consists of a thrust collar
attached to the shaft running
against a flat land.
The land is normally a steel ring
with a babbitted surface.
This bearing is used in double
helical gearboxes and is not
commonly found in centrifugal
compressors.
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The load carrying capacity of
this bearing is quit limited,
making the bearing suitable only
for locating purposes.
Thrust collar Thrust ring

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A thrust bearing that physically
resembles the flat land bearing is
the tapered land bearing.
The land is grooved radially dividing
the land into segments, which are
individually tapered to form a
wedge.
As the collar rotates, relative to the land, oil is carried
past the tapered wedges, developing pressure in the oil
film resulting in an outward force.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
This force generates a load
carrying capacity. Theoretically, the
tapered land bearing is capable of
handling large axial loads, but it can
only do so at a single speed.
The bearing also requires good
perpendicular alignment between
the shaft and the land to maintain a
uniform face gap.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
This bearing is used only for limited
applications in the centrifugal
compressor and when used is
highly dreaded.
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The tilting pad thrust bearings is
available in two forms:
The first form consists of a collar or thrust
runner, attached to the shaft with the collar
either integral or separable and the
stationary carrier in which the pads reside.
It is named alternately for one or other of the
inventors, Albert Kingsbury and Michell.
Various numbers of pads are used, with six

or eight being the most common.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
The pad consist of a babbitted segment,
normally made of steel. The load is
transmitted to the carrier by way of a
button at the back of the pad which also
acts as the pivot point.
The button may be centered or offset.
The bearing is suitable for variable speeds
because the pivoting feature .
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
The second form of the multiple THRUST COLLAR
segment or tilting pad thrust bearing

retains all the features of the first type,
but includes a further refinement.
This bearing is referred to as a self-
equalizing bearing.
Instead of a simple carrier to house the
pads, each pad rides against an
equalizing bar.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Between each pad's equalizing bar is a THRUST COLLAR
secondary bar which carries the ends of

two adjacent pad bars and transmits
the load to the carrier ring.
All bars are free to rock and thereby
adjust themselves until all pads carry
an equal share of the load .
The advantage of the self-equalizing
bearing is obvious-that can adjust for
minor irregularities of the rotor-to-
bearing position.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Each bearing described requires a certain amount of axial space,
with the simple thrust ring using the least and the self-equalizing
bearing the greater amount.
The thrust carrying capability of the latter two bearings is theoretically
the same and proponents of the Michell bearing cite deflections in the
carrier ring as providing sufficient adjustment to achieve full potential
load within the practical limits of bearing misalignment.
Compressors built to the API standard are required to have duplicate
thrust capability in both directions, that is, the bearing is to be
symmetrically constructed.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
The thrust bearing is responsible for large portions of the mechanical
horsepower losses, however, it is the sophisticated multiple-segment
bearing that has the highest losses of all the thrust bearing types.
The power consumption is due to the churning of the oil in the
essentially flooded bearing therefore care must be used in sizing the
bearing to maintain margins for reliability.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
The bearing support system is normally separable from the casing,
as mandated by API 617 and should be made of steel, particularly
when used with a steel case.
The housing should be horizontally split and non-pressurized with
provision for circulation of bearing lubrication.
Care should be taken to prevent foaming of the lubricant. The
housing is the desirable place to locate radial vibration probes as
required by API 617.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
For the multistage which has the seals outboard of the bearings, it is
recognized that the housing will assume some pressure level used in
the compressor, therefore provision should be made to minimize the
amount of lubricant entering the gas stream.
Also for maintenance purposes, a port access to the bearing should

be furnished. This type of compressor is generally limited to
fluorocarbon refrigerant service and is not recommended for general
gas service.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Construction: Balance Piston
It is desirable to have
additional axial-load control on
the multistage compressor.
Balance
Piston
A balance piston, also referred
to as the balance drum, can be Carbon
Ring Shaft
located at discharge end . Seal
Liner-Type
Sleeve
The balance piston consists of Bearing
a rotating element, which has

a specified diameter and an
extended rim for sealing.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
The area adjacent to the
balance piston (opposite the
last stage location). Is vented,
Balance
normally to suction pressure. Piston
The differential pressure Carbon

Ring Shaft
across the balance piston acts Seal
Liner-Type
on the balance piston area to Sleeve
Bearing
develop a thrust force opposite
that generated by the
impellers.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
The pressure on the low-
pressure side of the balance
piston is higher than the
Balance
reference pressure by an Piston
amount equal to the resistance

Carbon
of the balance line, the line Ring Shaft
Seal
taking the flow from the low Liner-Type
Sleeve
pressure cavity to the Bearing
reference point.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Line resistance, of course, is a
function of the flow in the line.
To permit efficient balance, an Balance
Piston
effective seal must be used at
the rim of the balance piston Carbon
Ring Shaft
as the leakage also represents Seal
Liner-Type
parasitic power loss. Sleeve
Bearing
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
While full control of the thrust
can be developed by
controlling the diameter, limits
Balance
are in order. Piston
Generally, the balance force is Carbon

Ring Shaft
kept less than that developed Seal
Liner-Type
by the impellers, with the thrust Sleeve
Bearing
bearing taking the remainder
of the load.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
This keeps the rotor on one
face of the thrust bearing for all
load conditions and is the
Balance
recommended practice. Piston
Carbon
Ring Shaft
Seal
Liner-Type
Sleeve
Bearing
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
An alternative philosophy
overbalances the thrust with
the balance piston, arguing
Balance
that balance piston seal Piston
deterioration will unload the

Carbon
thrust bearing for more Ring Shaft
Seal
conservative design. Liner-Type
Sleeve
Bearing
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
The problem with this
approach is that the rotor will
tend to shift its operation
Balance
position from one side of the Piston
thrust bearing to the other for

Carbon
varying loads and conditions. Ring Shaft
Seal
Liner-Type
Sleeve
Bearing
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Because the thrust bearing
has 0.012 to 0.015 inches of
float, the rotor will not be in a
Balance
fixed position, making Piston
instrumentation for rotor

Carbon
position difficult to judge. Ring Shaft
Seal
Liner-Type
Sleeve
Bearing
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Also, over sizing the balance
piston means a larger seal
diameter making the potential
Balance
seal leakage greater. Piston
Carbon
Ring Shaft
Seal
Liner-Type
Sleeve
Bearing
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP
LP HP
LP HP LP
LP HP HP LP
Normal thrust Normal thrust

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
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LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
LP HP
LP HP
LP HP HP LP

on rotor on rotor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Construction: Interstage Seals
Interstage and balance piston seals of the labyrinth type
are universally used in centrifugal compressor service.
Multistage compressors are equipped with impeller eye
seal and interstage shaft seals to isolate the stages.
Labyrinth seals consist of a tooth-like form with spaces in
between.
Leakage is a function of both the tooth or fin clearance
and the spacing.
The fins can be stationary or rotating.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Interstage and balance piston seals of the labyrinth type
are universally used in centrifugal compressor service.
Multistage compressors are equipped with impeller eye
seal and interstage shaft seals to isolate the stages.
Labyrinth seals consist of a tooth-like form with spaces in
between.
Leakage is a function of both the tooth or fin clearance
and the spacing.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
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The shape of the rolled edge gives the name J-Strip,
which is sometimes used by the manufacturers who use
the seal .
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Construction: Shaft End Seals
The shape of the rolled edge gives the name J-Strip,
which is sometimes used by the manufacturers who use
the seal .
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Construction: Capacity Control
Probably the most widely used capacity control for the

centrifugal compressor is speed control. The capacity
curve when used with speed first impeller. If the
compressor has more than a few stages or is more
complex in arrangement the idea is not practical.

Dynamic Compressors Part 2

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DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS

Thrust collar Thrust ring

Various numbers of pads are used, with six

segment or tilting pad thrust bearing

secondary bar which carries the ends of

Also for maintenance purposes, a port access to the bearing should

a rotating element, which has

The differential pressure Carbon

amount equal to the resistance

pressure cavity to the Bearing

Generally, the balance force is Carbon

deterioration will unload the

thrust bearing to the other for

instrumentation for rotor

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Normal thrust Normal thrust

Probably the most widely used capacity control for the

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