Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
(MODUL 2)
Dr.-Ing. Silviana, ST.,MT
Syllabus
HEAT EXCHANGER
HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (LMTD)
HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WITH NUMBER OF
TRANFER UNIT (NTU) AND EFFECTIVENESS
References
Brown, GG., Unit Operations, 1950, Modern Asia Editions
Buchori, L & Soemardjo, M, Buku Ajar Perpindahan Panas, 2011,
LP2MP Undip
Foust, AS, Wenzel LA, Clump, CW, Maus L, Andersen, LB, Principles of
Unit Operations, 1979, John Wiley and Sons
Coulson & Richardson, Chemical Engineering Vol.1 Fluid Flow Heat
transfer and mass transfer, 6th edition, Butterworth Heinemann
Holman, JP, Heat transfer (Mc Graw Hill Series in Mechanical
Engineering), 10 th edition
Heat Exchanger
In the process industries the transfer of heat between two fluid is
done in HE
Mechanism of heat transfer have been established:
1. Molecular : conduction
2. Turbulent : convection
3. Radiation : emission (without physical contact)
Heat Exchanger
The HE used by chemical engineer cannot be characterized by any
one design
Most of this characteristic to most heat exchangers is the transfer to
heat from hot phase to cold phase with the transfer of heat from a
hot stream to a cold phase with the two phases being separated by a
solid boundary
Heat exchanger equipment
The equipment is constructed to control the nature flow and the fluid
velocity adjacent to the surface of solid
One Fluid Confined
Radiator : simple type of HE, water circulates between the furnace
and the radiator by natural convection (thermosiphon)
Air heater: heat from condensing steam inside the tubes is transferred
to air flowing outside the tubes.
Spray tower?
Cooling tower.
Heat exchanger equipments
Both Fluid Confined
Double pipe HE/Annulus: one fluid flows inside of a pipe/ tube while a
second fluid flows either co or counter currently
- No requires large surface area
- Small flow rate
Heat exchanger equipments
Heat exchanger equipments
Cross Flow
One fluid mixed one unmixed
the gas flowing across the tubes = mixed stream
the fluid in the tubes = unmixed stream
The gas is mixed because it can move about freely
in the exchanger as it exchanges heat.
Heat exchanger equipments
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)
1
=
1 1
+ +
1
= 1 1
+ +
Fouling Factor
Adanya deposit di permukaan HE akibat interaksi antar fluida setelah
HE beroperasi
Akibatnya adanya tambahan hambatan terhadap laju panas sehingga
menurunkan performa HE
Efek ini disebut fouling factor atau fouling resistance ()
1 1
=
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)
1
=
1 1
+ + + +
1
= 1 1
+ + + +
Logaritmic Mean Temperature Difference
Skema Annulus HE dan Profil Temperatur
Cocurrent
Counter current
Neraca Energi (paralel flow/cocurrent)
= . . = . . di mana = . .
Sehingga: = dan =
. .
1 1
= = +
. .
1 1
= +
. .
2 2 1 1
= +
1 1 . .
Neraca Energi
Di mana: . = dan . =
1 2 2 1
Sehingga: Asumsi:
2 2 1 1 1. Panas jenis fluida konstan
=
2 2 2. Koefisien perpindahan panas
ln[ ] konveksi konstan
1 1
1 1 = 1
2 2 = 2
1 2
2 1
=
ln[ 2 ]
1
= . .
= log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Double pipe HE /Annulus HE counter flow
2 1
=
2
ln[ ]
1
= . .
= log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
2
Multi pass
= . . . ; jika terjadi perubahan fasa maka F=1
Multi pass
Cross flow
Contoh Soal
Contoh Soal
Contoh Soal
Benzen akan didinginkan dari suhu 170F menjadi 115F dengan alat
HE. Flowrate benzen 8000 lbm/h sebagai pendingin digunakan air
yang masuk pada suhu 55F dengan laju alir 5000 lbm/h. Bila
diketahui panas jenis benzen 0,42 Btu/lb. F. Panas jenis air 1 Btu/lb.
F. Harga U=55 Btu/h. Ft2.F. Tentukanlah luas perpindahan panas
untuk konfigurasi:
a. Single pass counter flow
b. 1,4 HE
c. Cross flow single pass dengan air tercampur dan benzen tidak
tercampur
Profil Temperatur Alat Penukar Panas
Profil Temperatur Alat Penukar Panas
Contoh Soal
Water at the rate of 30,000 lbm/h [3.783 kg/s] is heated from 100 to 130F [37.78
to 54.44C] in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. On the shell side one pass is used
with water as the heating fluid, 15,000 lbm/h [1.892 kg/s], entering the exchanger
at 200F [93.33C]. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 250 Btu/h ft2 F [1419
W/m2 C], and the average water velocity in the 3/4-in[1.905-cm] diameter tubes
is 1.2 ft/s [0.366 m/s]. Because of space limitations, the tube length must not be
longer than 8 ft [2.438 m]. Calculate the number of tube passes, the number of
tubes per pass, and the length of the tubes, consistent with this restriction.
Solusi:
= . . = . .
(30.000)(1)(130100)
= = 60 F=33,33 C Ingat satuan Cp air jika dalam Btu/lb F adalah 0,998
(15.000)(1)
Counter current:
93,33 54,44 (60 37,78) = . .
= = = 29,78 C
93,33 54,44
ln[ 60 37,78 ]
2,636x 105 ()
= = 6,238 2 (67,1 2 )
(1419 2 )(29,78C)
C
Solusi
Hitung luasan aliran total dari kecepatan air rata2 dalam tabung
(0,366 m/s (1,2 ft/s)
( ) 3,783
= = = 0,01034 2
1000 (0,366)
3 ( )
Luasan ini merupakan perkalian jumlah tabung dengan luasan
aliran per tabung
. 2
0,01034 =
4
Sehingga :
(0,01034)(4)
= = 36,3 36
(0,01905)2
. . = 6,238 2
6,238
= = 2,898
(36)(0,0598)
Contoh Soal
Alat penukar panas 1-4 HE luas 52 2 dengan harga U = 55 Btu/jam. 2 F.
Alat ini semula untuk mendinginkan benzen dengan pendingin air. Namun
akhirnya digunakan untuk mendinginkan minyak dengan panas jenis 0,53
Btu/lbF dan masuk pada suhu 250 F dengan laju alir 12000 lb/jam.
Sedang air pendingin masuk pada suhu 55 F dengan laju alir 5000 lb/jam.
Berapa suhu minyak dan air waktu keluar alat penukar panas tersebut
dengan konfigurasi 1-2 HE?
Penyelesaian:
1. Trial & Error salah satu suhu keluar
2. NTU = number of transfer unit
Cara 1
Ditrial dengan suhu keluar minyak, maka di dapat suhu keluar air
(dengan neraca energi sbb:)
. . = . .
Hitung LMTD single pass
Cari harga F
Hitung LMTD 1-2 HE
Hitung q dengan suhu trial pertama
Hitung q dengan LMTD 1-2 HE
Jika belum sama, maka diulang langkah pertama
ANALISA ALAT PENUKAR PANAS
EFEKTIVITAS ALAT PENUKAR PANAS ()
()
=
( )
1exp (1 LAWAN ARAH
= ...................................................2
1 (1
Hubungan antara efektivitas dan NTU
1exp (1+ PARALEL
=
...........................................................3
1+
= . . (1 2 ) = . . (1 2 )
Contoh Soal
Alat penukar panas lawan arah luasan 12,5 m2 untuk mendinginkan
minyak dengan Cp minyak 2000 J/kg.C dengan air Cp air 4170
J/kg.C . Suhu minyak masuk 100C. Laju alir 2 kg/s dan suhu air
masuk 20C, laju alirnya 0,48 kg/s. Harga U =400 W/m2.C.
Hitunglah : Suhu fluida dingin keluar dan panas yang ditransfer
Solusi A= 12,5 m2
U=400 W/m2.C
T1=100C Cph=2000 J/kg.C Cpc=4170 J/kg .C
mh=2 kg/s mc=0,48 kg/s
Th1=100 C Tc1=20C
Th2=? Q=? Tc2=?
t1=20C
Metode NTU:
Air: Cc= 0,48 kg/s x 4170 J/kg .C = 2001,6 J/s .C
Minyak: Ch = 2 kg/s x 2000 J/kg .C =4000 J/s .C
2001,6
Ch > Cc maka Ch=Cmaks sehingga = 4000 = 0,5
. 400 2 . 12,52
= = = 2,5
2001,6 .
Solusi A= 12,5 m2
U=400 W/m2.C
T1=100C Cph=2000 J/kg.C Cpc=4170 J/kg .C
mh=2 kg/s mc=0,48 kg/s
Th1=100 C Tc1=20C
Th2=? Q=? Tc2=?
t1=20C