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THERMAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 02
CONDUCTION
1
PREPARED BY:
DR. YUSLI YAAKOB
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UiTM PULAU PINANG
OBJECTIVES:
2
OBJECTIVES:
3
2.1 FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
Fouriers law of heat conduction states:
where,
k = thermal conductivity of the material, (W/m.0C OR W/m.K)
dT
dx = the temperature gradient
6
2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
Symbol: k
http://www.milleprime.com.sg/htm/elearning/heat/activityApplet2.html
8
2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
TABLE 11 (in textbook pg 20)
The thermal conductivities of some materials at room temperature
Material k, W/m C*
Diamond 2300
Silver 429
Copper 401
Gold 317
Aluminum 237
Iron 80.2
Mercury (l) 8.54
Glass 0.78
Brick 0.72
Water (l) 0.607
Human skin 0.37
Wood (oak) 0.17
Helium (g) 0.152
Soft rubber 0.13
Glass fiber 0.043
9
Air (g) 0.026
Urethane, rigid foam 0.026
2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
10
2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
Thermal conductivity is temperature dependent
11
2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
Thermal conductivity is temperature dependent
12
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
13
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE
ANALOGY METHOD
TO ELECTRICAL CURRENT
FLOW
This is like Ohms Law:
Potential Difference (V )
Current ( I )
Resistance ( R)
14
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE
ANALOGY METHOD
TO ELECTRICAL CURRENT
FLOW
The Equation is analogous to the relation for electric current flow I,
expressed as V V
I 1 2
Re
& T1 T2
Qcond , wall (W)
Rwall
L
Rwall o
( C/W)
kA
Conduction resistance of the wall: Thermal resistance of the wall
against heat conduction.
16
Thermal resistance of a medium depends on the geometry and the
thermal properties of the medium.
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD (PLANE
WALL)
CONVECTION RESISTANCE
Thermal resistance to convection processes
can also be applied
Newtons law of cooling for convection heat transfer rate
& Ts T
Qconv (W)
Rconv
Rconv is the convection resistance
1
Rconv o
( C/W)
hAs
17
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
RADIATION RESISTANCE
The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and
the surrounding
Ts Tsurr
& 4
(
4
)
Qrad es As Ts Tsurr hrad As (Ts Tsurr )
Rrad
(W)
19
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
Consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer through a plane wall that is exposed to convection on both sides.
20
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
Under steady conditions we have
21
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
MULTILAYER PLANE WALLS
In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist of several layers of different
materials.
The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer composite wall can be
expressed through where the total thermal resistance is
22
THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
(EXAMPLE 2.3)
Example 2.3 - Composite Wall with convection
23
surface conditions. Determine Q. AA AB AC A
Tf1 T k1 k2
k3
Hot T1 Cold
Fluid Fluid
Tf1, h1 T2 B Tf4, h4
A C
T3
T4
Tf4
L1 L2 L3
X
24
T4
T f 1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T f 4
Qx
1 L1 L2 L3 1
h1 A k1 A k2 A k A h4 A
3
Rf 1 R1 R2 R3 Rf 4
Tf 1 Tf 4 Tf 1 Tf 4
Qx
1 L1 L2 L3 1 R
+ + + +
h1 A k1 A k 2 A k3 A h4 A
THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
(EXAMPLE 2.3)
However, with composite systems it is often convenient
to express the rate of heat transfer in terms of overall
heat transfer coefficient (U).
1 1
U
R 1 L1 L2 L3 1
+ + + +
h1 k1 k 2 k3 h4 25
THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
(EXAMPLE 2.4)
Example 2.4 Combined
26
Heat Transfer: conduction,
convection, and radiation
take place simultaneously
on boiler tubes.
27
to both convection and radiation acting there.
T
Hot gas Tube wall Water inside tube
T1
Radiation
T2
T3
T4
Gas Film L Water Film
X
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3, conv T4
R1,rad
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
MULTILAYER PLANE WALLS
28
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
EXAMPLE 2.1
One side of a copper (kcopper = 401 W/m.K) block 5
cm thick is maintained at 250oC. The other side is
covered with a layer of fiberglass (k = 0.035
W/m.K) 2.5 cm thick. The outside of the
fiberglass is maintained at 35oC, and the total
heat flow through the copper-fiberglass
combination is 52 kW. Determine the area of the
slab.
29
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
EXAMPLE 2.2
A wall 2 cm thick is to be constructed from
material that has an average thermal conductivity
of 1.3 W/m.oC. The wall is to be insulated with
material having an average thermal conductivity of
0.35 W/m.oC, so that the heat loss per square
meter will not exceed 1830 W. Assuming that the
inner and outer surface temperatures of the
insulated wall are 130oC and 30oC, calculate the
thickness of insulation required.
Homework
30
2.3 GENERALIZED THERMAL RESISTANCE
NETWORK
The thermal resistance concept can be used to solve steady
heat transfer problems that involve parallel layers or
combined series-parallel arrangements.
T1 T2 T1 T2 1 1
& & &
Q Q1 + Q2 + ( T1 T2 ) +
R1 R2 R1 R2
1
Rtotal
1 1 1 RR
+ Rtotal = 1 2
Rtotal R1 R2 R1 + R2
31
2.3 COMBINED SERIES-PARALLEL
ARRANGEMENT
The total rate of heat transfer through the composite
system
& T1 T
Q
Rtotal
R1 R2
Rtotal R12 + R3 + Rconv + R3 + Rconv
R1 + R2
L1 L L 1
R1 ; R2 2 ; R3 3 ; Rconv
k1 A1 k2 A2 k3 A3 hA3
32
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
EXAMPLE 2.3
Calculate the heat transfer through the composite
wall in Figure below. Assume one-dimensional heat
flow.
Ac = 0.1 m2
B kA = 150 W/m.oC
q kB = 30 W/m.oC
C kC = 50 W/m.oC
A T = 66oC kD = 70 W/m.oC
T = 370oC D AB = AD = Ac/2
33
*Please see Example 3-6 from Chap 3 in the text book
2.3 THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE
Temperature distribution and heat flow lines along two solid plates
pressed against each other for the case of perfect and imperfect contact. 34
2.3 THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE
interface contains
As a result, an
36
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
Heat transfer through the pipe can be modeled as steady and 1-D
The temperature of the pipe in this case depends on one direction
only (the radial r direction) and expressed as T = T(r)
37
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
38
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
dT
Qcond kA
dr
r2 T2
Qcond
r A dr T k dT
1 1
2 rL
r T1
Q cond 2 1
2 L r1 r
dr + k dT
T2
Qcond 2 L k
( T1 T2 )
ln r2 39
r1
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
T1 T2
Qcond
RCYL
Thermal
Resistance
ln 2
r
r1
RCYL
2 L k1
40
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
Q r Q r + dr
dT 2 dT
Qr kA k 4r
dr A dr
x y
42
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
Qr 1 r2
r 1
r k ( T2 T1 )
4
43
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
4 k ( T2 T1 ) r1 r2
Qr ( )
1
r1 1
r2 4 k
r2 r1
T1 T2
T2 T1 1 1 1
Qr
where: R
R 4 k r1 r2
44
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
x y
45
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
46
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
47
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION
In a cylindrical pipe or a
The critical
radius of insulation
for a spherical shell:
50
Critical radius
rcr ,cyl of insulation
ho
The largest value of the critical radius The common value for
we are likely to encounter is insulating material.
51
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
53
*Please see Example 3-7 to 3-8 from Chap 3 in the text book
2.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE METHOD
EXAMPLE 2.5
A hot steam pipe having an inside surface
temperature of 250oC has an inside diameter of 8
cm and a wall thickness of 5.5 mm. It is covered
with a 9 cm layer of insulation having k = 0.5
W/m.oC, followed by a 4 cm layer of insulation
having k = 0.25 W/m.oC. The outside temperature
of the insulation is 20oC. Calculate the heat lost
per meter length. Assume k = 47 W/m.oC for the
pipe.
54
*Please see Example 3-7 to 3-9 from Chap 3 in the text book
TUTORIAL 1
1) 3-19 (pg 197)
2) 3.35 (pg 200)
3) 3.54 (pg 202)
4) 3.69 (pg 204)
5) 3-70 (pg 204)
6) Q1 Final Exam Oct 2010
7) Q1b Final Exam JUNE 2011
8) Q1b Final Exam APR 2011
9) Q1 Final Exam JAN 2013
10) Q2 Final Exam JUNE 2013
55
*Please see Example 3-7 to 3-9 from Chap 3 in the text book
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Temperature has only magnitude. It is a scalar
quantity.
Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude. It is
a vector quantity.
A coordinate system, indicates the direction with plus
or minus signs.
56
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Steady heat conduction in a plane wall Transient heat conduction in a plane wall
57
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER
58
cylindrical (T(r, , z, t))
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
MULTIDIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER
59
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element, there is
also the possibilities of:
T
C
p
dV
density specific t
heat rate of
temperature
change
60
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
62
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Z dQ(z+dz)
dQy
dz
dQ(x+dx)
dQx
X
dy
Y
63
dx
dQ(y+dy)
dQz
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Heat conduction rate in x-direction (into element):
dz
dQx
dy
64
RECTANGULAR COORDIANTES
Assuming the element may expand or contract freely at
constant pressure, the energy balance given by:
65
HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
(RECTANGULAR COORDINATES)
Differential volume:
dV dx dy dz
Heat conduction rate in x-direction (into element):
dT dT
dQx k A k ( dy dz )
dx dx
A
dz
dQx
dy
66
HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
(RECTANGULAR COORDINATES)
Taylor Series Expansion:
small
f ( x + h) f ( x) + h f ( x) + HOT
Substitute our equation:
0
T
f ( x) d Q X k ( dy dz )
x
h dx
d Q x
2
T
f ( x) k ( dy dz ) 2
x x 67
HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
(RECTANGULAR COORDINATES)
T 2T
d Q( x + dx) k dy dz k dy dz dx 2
x x
d Qx d Q x
dx
x
Therefore the net rate of flow in the x-direction is:
T T 2T
d Q x d Q x + dx k dydz k dydz k dydzdx 2
x x x
2T
k dx dy dz 2
x
68
HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
(RECTANGULAR COORDINATES)
Likewise:
2T
d Q y d Q y + dy k dx dy dz 2
y
T
2
d Q z d Q z + dz k dx dy dz 2
z
69
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
RECTANGULAR COORDIANTES
The rate of heat generated is:
q dV q ( dx dy dz )
rate of heat
generated
per volume
k
Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of
CP heat conduction to heat storage)
71
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
1 T T
2
q
2 +
t x k
Rate of Heat Storage Rate of Heat
Generation
72
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Special cases:
1) Fourier Equation (no heat generation, q =0):
1 T 2T 2T 2T
2 + 2 + 2
t x y z
2) Poisson Equation (steady state, T/t =0):
2T 2T 2T q
2 + 2 + 2 + 0
x y z k
x y z
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Special cases for 1-D:
1) Fourier Equation (no heat generation, q =0):
1 T 2T
2
t x
2) Poisson Equation (steady state, T/t =0):
2T q
+ 0
x 2
k
75
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTION EQUATION
FOR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
1 T T 1 T 1 T T q
2 2 2
2 + + 2 2+ 2 +
t r r r r z k
1 T
r
r r r
1 T 1 T 1 T T q
2 2
r + 2 2 + 2 + 76
t r r r r z k
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTION EQUATION
FOR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 1-D
1 T T 1 T q
2
2 + +
t r r r k
1 T
r
r r r
1 T 1 T q
r +
t r r r k
77
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Special cases for cylindrical:
1) Fourier Equation (no heat generation, q =0):
1 T 1 T 1 2T 2T
r + 2 2 + 2
t r r r r z
2) Poisson Equation (steady state, T/t =0):
1 T 1 2T 2T q
r + 2 2 + 2 + 0
r r r r z k
3) Laplace Equation (steady state with no heat
generation):
1 T 1 2T 2T
r + 2 2 + 2 0 78
r r r r z
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Special cases for 1-D:
1) Fourier Equation (no heat generation, q =0):
1 T 1 T
r
t r r r
2) Poisson Equation (steady state, T/t =0):
1 T q
r + 0
r r r k
3) Laplace Equation (steady state with no heat
generation):
T
r 0 79
r r
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
z z
T(r,,)
r
y x y
x
80
2.4 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
1 T
t
1 2 T 1 T 1 T q
2
r + 2 sin + 2 2 2 +
r r r r sin
2
r sin k
81
SOLUTION OF HEAT TRANSFER
PROBLEMS
82
2.4.1 BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The mathematical expressions of the thermal conditions at the
boundaries.
The solution of a heat conduction problem
depends on the conditions at the
surfaces.
Temperature distribution in a medium can be determined from the
solution of appropriate heat conduction equation.
But the solution depends on the boundaries of the
medium.
For cases in which the medium is time dependent, conditions at an initial
time are also essential.
83
2.4.1 BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
84
2.4.1 BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
89
2.4.1 BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
3) Convection Boundary Condition
- Reverse direction does not efeect on BC expression
90
2.4.1 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Example 2.6: Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall
91
92
Main Reference
93
94
2.4.1 1-D STEADY STATE CONDUCTION
Example 2.7: Heat Loss through a Steam pipe
95
*Please see Example 2-15 from Chap 2 in the text book
96
97
2.5 SOLUTION OF 2-D TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION USING FINITE DIFFERENCE
TECHNIQUES
As previously shown, the objective of heat transfer analysis is
to predict the rate of heat flow or the temperature
distribution.
In many practical problems, the temperature and heat flow are
functions of two and three coordinates (2D, 3D). Such cases occur
when the boundary is non-uniform.
Examples:
Heat flow through a corner section where 2 or 3 walls meet
Conduction through the walls of a short, hollow cylinder
Heat loss through a buried pipe.
98
EXAMPLES OF HEAT DISTRIBUTIONS AND
HEAT FLOW
99
2.5 SOLUTION OF 2-D TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION USING FINITE DIFFERENCE
TECHNIQUES
The solution to 2-D and 3-
D problems can be solved
by:
Analytical
Graphical
Analogical
Numerical methods (finite
difference)
Finite difference methods
(using computers) is often
the best choice.
100
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(2-D PROBLEM)
The rate of flow per unit area in the x and y directions can be
obtained from Fouriers Law.
Q T
q x k
A x x
Q T
q y k
A y y
Although temperature is scalar (not a vector), the heat flux
depends on a temperature gradient and is therefore a vector.
101
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(2-D PROBLEM)
The total heat flow of a given point (x,y) is the
resultant Qtot= (Qx, Qy) at that point and is directed
perpendicular to the isotherm (as shown below).
Qy Q=Qx+Qy
Qx
T(x,y)
isotherm
102
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(2-D PROBLEM)
Thus if the temperature is known, the rate of heat
flow can be easily calculated.
Qy Q= Qx+Qy
Qx
T(x,y)
103 isotherm
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Example 2.11 Analytical Solution to 2-D problem. To
appreciate the analytical method of separation of
variables, we will consider the relatively simple system
below:
For 2-D, steady state, no
heat generation, the
conduction equation is:
2T 2T
+ 2 0
x 2
y
104
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
T T1
T2 T1
2 2
+ 2 0
x 2
y
105
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
( 0, y ) 0 and ( x,0) 0
( L, y ) 0 and ( x,W ) 1
106
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
( x, y ) XY ; X X ( x )
Y Y ( y)
Substituting into Laplaces equation yields:
2 2
1 d X 1 d Y
2 2
X dx Y dy
The variables are separated. Since neither side can
change as x and y vary, both must be equal to a
constant, say l2:
2 2
1 d X 1 d Y
2 2 2
X dx Y dy 107
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore, there are two differential equations:
d2X
2
+ 2
X 0
dx
d 2Y
2
2
Y 0
dy
X A cos( x ) + B sin ( x )
Y C e y + D e + y
108
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting:
X Y
(
( A cos x + B sin x ) C e y + D e y )
Where A, B, C, D can be evaluated from boundary
conditions.
109
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting b.cs (1) and (2) into equations gives:
(1) y 0, ( x,0) 0
( A cos x + B sin x ) ( C + D ) 0
C+D0
C D
( 2) x 0, ( 0, y ) 0
( )
A C e y + D e y 0
A0
110
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting b.c (3) into the equation gives:
( 3) x L, ( L, y ) 0
( A cos L + B sin L ) ( C e y + D ey ) 0
A 0
( B sin L ) ( C e y
) + ( B sin L ) ( D e ) 0
y
C D
( B sin L ) C e y ey 0
BC ( sin L ) e y e y 0
111
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
e y e y
Since: sinh y
2
BC ( sin L ) e ey y
0
( BC sin L ) 2 sinh y 0
2 BC sin L sinh y 0
np
This expression is only valid, if l=L , where n=1,2,3
np
since sin( L )= 0
112
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore substituting this back in:
X Y ( A cos x + B sin x ) ( C e y + D e y )
2 BC sin x sinh y
n x n y
2BC sin sinh 0
Cn L L
n x n y
Cn sin sinh 0
L L
113
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
For each n a different solution exists with a different constant Cn.
Summing these solutions, the expression become:
n x n y
( x, y ) Cn sin sinh 0
Equation
n 1 L L
*
Boundary condition (4) at y= W requires that:
n x n W
( x,W ) 1 Cn sin sinh
n 1 L L
114
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
This complicated equation can be solved by writing an analogous
infinite series expansion in terms of orthogonal functions.
g ( x ) g ( x ) dx 0
a
m n mn
115
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore our function here is an orthogonal function. An orthogonal
function can be expressed in terms of an infinite series of orthogonal
functions
f ( x) An g n ( x )
n 1
Side Note
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx g ( x ) A g n ( x ) dx
b.
n n n
a a n 1
116
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
However, since by orthogonality:
b
g ( x ) g ( x ) dx 0
a
m n mn
Side Note
This means that all by one of the terms on the right hand
side of this equation must be zero:
b b
An
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx g ( x ) A
a
n
a
n
n 1
n g n ( x ) dx
b b
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx A g
2
n n n ( x)dx
a a 117
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Therefore: b
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
n
An a
b
n ( x ) dx
2
g
Side Note
a
If we choose:
n x
f ( x ) 1 and g ( x ) sin
L
b
sin ( L ) dx
nx
2 ( 1) + 1
n +1
An a
b
n
( L ) dx
2 nx
sin
a 118
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Substituting An and our values for f(x) and g(x) back in:
f ( x) An g n ( x )
n 1
Side Note
2 ( 1) + 1
n +1
n x
1 sin
n 1 n L
This is simply the Fourier expansion of unity.
119
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
So back to our problem. Since we now know and expression for the
Fourier expansion of unity:
n x n W
( x, W ) Cn sin sinh 1
n 1 L L
n x n W
2 ( 1) n +1
+ 1 n x
Cn sin
L
sinh
L
n 1 n
sin
L
n 1
C n
2 ( 1) + 1
n +1
n 1, 2, 3
n sinh ( nLW )
120
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
Finally substituting this Cn back into the original Equation
*
( ) for q(x,y), then we obtain:
2
( x, y )
(
1) + 1
n +1
n x
sin
sinh ny
L ( )
n 1 n L sinh( nLW )
2 ( 1) n +1 + 1
T ( x, y ) ( T2 T1 ) sin
( )
n x sinh L
ny
+ T1
nW
n 1 n L sinh( L )
121
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
(EXAMPLE 2.11)
122
GRAPHICAL METHOD
The Graphical Method has now been superseded by
computer solutions based on numerical methods,
however it may still be used to obtain a first estimate
of the temperature distribution.
123
GRAPHICAL METHOD
124
ANALOGICAL METHOD
This method refers to situations where 2 or more
phenomena that can be described by the same equation
are mathematically analogous (similar to the thermal
resistance method).
125
ANALOGICAL METHOD
127
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
m x increment
n y increment Node
x
y
b y
128
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
df ( x ) f ( x + x ) f ( x )
lim
dx x 0
x
Instead of taking the limit, the following approximation for the
derivative can be used.
f(x+Dx)
Df
f(x)
df ( x ) f ( x + x ) f ( x )
Dx
dx x x x+dx
130
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
L
x Tm+1
M
Tm
in the x direction Tm-1
m-1 m m+1
m- m+
131
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
m-1/2
dT Tm Tm 1
dx m
1 x Tm-1 Tm
2
m+1/2
dT Tm +1 Tm
dx m+
1 x Tm Tm+1
2
132
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
d T2 dT
dx m + 1 dT
dx m 12
2
dx 2
x
Tm+1 Tm Tm Tm1
x
x
x
Tm 1 2Tm + Tm +1
x 2
133
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(NUMERICAL METHODS)
Likewise:
d 2T Tn +1 2Tn + Tn 1
dy 2
y 2
134
FINITE DIFFERENCES
Finite Differences of Plane Wall: The 1-D heat transfer through a
plane wall is given by the following equation. Find the finite
difference expression for:
d T q
2
2
+ 0
dx k
This can be expressed in differential form as:
Tm 1 2Tm + Tm +1 q m
+ 0 for m 1, 2, 3
x 2
k
2T 2T q
+ 2 + 0 (m-1, n) (m, n) (m+1, n)
x 2
y k
Dy
Dx
The finite difference
(m, n-1)
formulation is:
Tm +1,n 2Tm ,n + Tm 1,n Tm ,n +1 2Tm ,n + Tm ,n 1 q m ,n
+
x 2
y 2
k
for m 1, 2, 3 M 1
for n 1, 2, 3 N 1
136
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
If x = y then:
q m ,n ( x 2 )
Tm +1,n + Tm 1,n + Tm,n +1 + Tm,n 1 4 Tm,n
k
Or since we are considering that k = constant, the heat
flows may all be expressed in terms of temperature
differentials and this same equation can be derived.
dT
Qx kAx where Ax y 1
dx
dT
Qy kAy where Ay x 1
dy
137
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
Q cond ,up Q m ,n +1 k x
(Tm,n+1 Tm,n )
y
Q cond ,down Q m ,n 1 k x
(Tm,n1 Tm,n )
y 138
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.12)
Therefore the total heat transfer is:
Therefore if x = y:
140
FINITE DIFFERENCES
To use this numerical method, these equations must be written for each
node within the material and the resultant system of equations solved for the
temperature at the various nodes.
141
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
1m
100C
142
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Four x 1 m
3
node T=500C
problem
y 1 m
3 1 2
T=100C T=100C
3 4
143
T=100C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
(i) The solution for finding the temperatures
1 2
is (for an interior node):
Tm +1,n + Tm 1.n + Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n 1 4 Tm ,n 0 3 4
Rearranging equations:
600 4T1 + T2 + T3 0
600 + T1 4T2 + T4 0
200 + T1 4T3 + T4 0
200 + T2 + T3 4T4 0
145
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-4 1 1 0 T1 -600
1 -4 0 1 T2 -600
1 0 -4 1 T3 -200
0 1 1 -4
T 4
= -200
146
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Solve by Gaussian Elimination:
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
1 -4 0 1 -600
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
147
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 1 1 -4 -200
148
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4+(4)=0
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -16 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
149
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(-16)=-15
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
150
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(0)=1
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
151
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
0+(4)=4
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
152
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-600+(-2400)=-3000
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
153
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 1 -15 4 -1,400
0 1 1 -4 -200
X4
154
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-15+(1x15)=0 T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 1 1 -4 -200
X15
155
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 16 -56 -6,000
X15
156
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
-224+(14x16)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
224
X =14
16
157
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
158
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
4 T1 + T2 + T3 600
15 T2 + T3 + 4 T4 3,000
224 T3 + 64 T4 24,000
720 T4 108,000
108,000
T4 150 C
720
159
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
24,000 + 150 64
T3 150 C
224
15
1 2
-Qx=1
3 4
y
Qx 1 k ( T2 100) + ( T4 100 ) + ( 500 100 ) + (100 100 )
1 1
x 2 2
1
10 ( 250 100 ) + (150 100 ) + ( 500 100 )
2
4,000 Wm 162
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
(ii) The heat rate is thus:
1 2
3 4
-Qy=0
x
Q y 0 k ( T3 100) + ( T4 100) + (100 100) + (100 100)
1 1
y 2 2
10 (150 100) + (150 100)
1,000 Wm
163
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
(ii) The heat rate is thus: +Qy=1
1 2
3 4
x 1 1
Q y 1 k ( T1 500) + ( T2 500) + (100 500) + (100 500)
y 2 2
10 ( 250 500 ) + ( 250 500 ) 200 200
+9,000 Wm 164
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.13)
Therefore:
+9,000 W/m
1 2
-4,000 W/m -4,000 W/m
3 4
-1,000 W/m
Heat flowing into the plate = +9,000 W/m
1 2
Given:
k= constant
3 4
b= thickness
insulation
x= y
Steady state
5 6
166
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.14)
Also note the half areas:
x
1 2
y
y 3 4
2
5 167
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.14)
Since the heat transfer is steady state then Q=0 and the
equation at node 3 is:
0 k ( y b )
( T4 T3 )
+k
x b ( T1 T3 )
+k
x b ( T5 T3 )
Ay
x 2 y 2 y
1A 1A
Q m+1,n 2 x 2 x
Q m ,n+1 Q m ,n1
168
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Example 2.15: Steady 2-D Heat Conduction in an L-bar.
Given: k = 15 W/(mC) h= 80 W/(m2C)
T= 25C q= gn= 2x106 W/m3
Convection x= y= L
h, T= 25C
1 2 3
Dx Dy
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
169
T= 90 C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Assumptions:
Heat transfer is steady and 2-D
Thermal conductivity (k) is constant
Heat generation q is constant
Radiation heat transfer is neglible
170
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Then the elements represented by a regular
boundary node (i.e. Node 2) becomes half size
(e.g. x=y/2=1) and a corner node (i.e. Node 1)
is quarter size (e.g. x/2=y/2=1) .
Convection
1 2 3 h, T= 25C
y x
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
171
T= 90 C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
h, T= 25C x= y= L
1 2 3
insulation
x y
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 C
Since the bottom surface is at a constant temperature of
90 C, then:
172
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Node 1 (Energy balance): h, T= 25C
Insulated on the left
insulation
1 2 Dy
Convection on top ______
y 2 x 2
2hL 2hL g 2 2
T1 4 + T2 + T3 + 2T5 T L
k k k
insulation
Dy
replacing the insulation with a mirror. This
puts a reflected image of node 5 to the 10 11
left of node 4. g L2
T5 + ( T1 + T5 + T10 4 T4 ) + 4 0
k T= 90 C
Interior
T10 g 4 L2
T1 4T4 + 2T5 90 109.2
k 176
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Node 5 (Energy balance):
Interior node
Conduction all sides 1 2 3
Can use the equation for an Dy
insulation
interior node
4 5 6
10 11 12
g 5 L2
T4 + T2 + T6 + T11 4 T5 + 0
k T= 90 C
T11 g 5 L2
T4 + T2 + T6 4 T5 90 109.2
k 177
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Node 6 (Energy balance):
Convection upward right corner
Conduction everywhere else
Qcond
Convection
2 3
h, T= 25C Qconv
Qconv
5 6 7
Dy
11 12 13 Qcond 6
Qcond
Dx
T= 90 C Qcond 178
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
x y y T7 T6 T12 T6
h + ( T T6 ) + k + k x +
2 2 2 x y
k y x ( T3 T6 ) 3
+ ( T5 T6 ) + k + g 6 ( x y ) 0
x 2 y 4
of the internal
energy generation, 2 3 Convection
h, T= 25C
since only the
volume
5 6 7
Dy
T3 + 2 T5 6.128 T6 + T7 212.0
11 12 13
179
Dx
T= 90 C
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Node 7 (Energy balance): h, T= 25C
Convection on top x
Conduction right, left, and bottom
6 7 8
y ( T8 T7 ) y
h x ( T T7 ) + k + 12 13 14
2 x
+ k x
( T13 T7 )
+ k y
( T6 T7 )
+ g 7 x
y
0
y x 2 T= 90 C
2hL 2hL g 7 L2
T6 4 + T7 + T8 180 T
k k k
T6 4.128 T7 + T8 202.4 180
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Node 8 (Energy balance): h, T= 25C
Identical to Node 7 Dx
7 8 9
Dy
13 14 15
T= 90 C
2
2 hL 2 hL g L
T7 4 + T8 + T9 180 T 8
k k k
T7 4.128 T8 + T9 202.4
181
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Convection
Node 9 (Energy balance): h, T= 25C
qr heat flow on right
qr= 5000
Convection on top W/m2
Conduction on bottom and left 8 9
x y x T15 T9 Dy
h ( T T9 ) + q R + k + 14 15
2 2 2 y
y T8 T9 x y Dx
+ k + g 9 0
2 x 2 2 T= 90 C
hL q R hL g 9 L2
T8 2 + T9 90 L T
k k k 2k
T8 2.064 T9 105.2 182
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
We now have 9 equations and 9 unknowns, so we can solve:
Node 1: 2.064 T1 + T2 + T4 11 .2
Node 2: T1 4.128 T2 + T3 + 2 T5 22.4
Node 3:
T2 2.128 T3 + T6 12.8
Node 4: T1 4T4 + 2T5 109.2
Node 5: T4 + T2 + T6 4 T5 109.2
Node 6: T3 + 2 T5 6.128 T6 + T7 212.0
Node 7: T6 4.128 T7 + T8 202.4
Node 8: T7 4.128 T8 + T9 202.4
Node 9: T8 2.064 T9 105.2 183
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Solving:
T 1= 112.1 C
T 2= 110.8 C
T 3= 106.6 C
T 4= 109.4 C
T 5= 108.1 C
T 6= 103.2 C
T 7= 97.3 C
T 8= 96.3 C
T 9= 97.6 C
184
FINITE DIFFERENCES
(EXAMPLE 2.15)
Temperature
(C)
Hi Convection
h, T= 25C
1 2 3
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
Low qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 C
185
REFERENCES
3. Incropera et.al., Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley, 6th Edition,
2007.
186