MEC551 Thermal Engineering Heat Exchanger

MEC551
THERMAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 04
HEAT EXCHANGER
1
EDITED BY:
DR. YUSLI YAAKOB
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UiTM PULAU PINANG
OBJECTIVES:
When finish studying this chapter, student should be able to:
1) Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers and

classify them,
2) Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and

determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a heat
exchanger,
3) Perform a general energy analysis on heat

exchangers,
2
OBJECTIVES:
When finish studying this chapter, student should be able to:
4) Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature

difference for use in the LMTD method, and modify it for
different types of heat exchanger using the correction
factor,
5) Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat

exchangers when outlet temperatures are not known using
the effectiveness-NTU method,
6) Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat

exchangers.
3
CONTENTS: 4.0
Introduction
4.6 Heat Pipes Principles 4.1 Types of

& Applications Heat Exchanger
4.2 The Overall

4.5 Heat Exchangers Heat Transfer
Design & Considerations Coefficient
4.3 Log-mean-
4.4 Effectiveness of temperature difference
NTU (-NTU) method (LMTD) method &
correction
4
4.0 INTRODUCTION
5
4.0 INTRODUCTION
6
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Heat Exchanger
a device in which heat is transferred from one

fluid to another through separating walls
differ from mixing chambers
7
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Heat transferred involves convection in each fluid

and conduction through the wall separating the two
fluids.
two fluids are kept separate by a

Process : The
solid wall at different temperatures and
they do not mix as they flow through it separated by a
solid wall
8
4.0 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
Heat exchangers are often given specific names to reflect
the specific application for which they are used:
Condenser
A heat exchanger in which one of the fluids is cooled and
condenses as it flows through the heat exchanger.
Boiler
A heat exchanger in which one of the fluids absorbs heat and
vaporizes.
Space radiator
A heat exchanger that transfers heat from the hot fluid to the
surrounding space by radiation.
9
4.0 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
Car Radiator
coolcarreview.tk 10
http://www.iradiators.com/
4.0 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
Refrigerators Systems
http://www.e-refrigeration.com
Condenser
11
http://www.e-refrigeration.com
4.0 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
Air-conditioning Systems
http://www.thefullwiki.org/Surface_condenser
Surface Condenser
12
http://www.diytrade.com
Condenser
4.0 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
Power Plants
13
4.0 INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
Steam Engine
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-
equipment/steam2.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines- 14
equipment/steam2.htm
4.1 TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heat exchangers are typically can be classified according

to:
i) flow arrangement
ii) type of construction.
The simplest heat exchanger is
- Consists of two concentric pipes of different

diameters (double pipe HE)
- one fluid in a double-pipe HE flow through the smaller
pipe
- the other fluid flows through annular space between the
two pipes. 15
The simplest HE is one for which the hot and

cold fluids move in the same direction (parallel
flow) or opposite directions (counter flow) in a
concentric tube (or double pipe construction)
16
There are three basic flow arrangements in Heat

Exchanger:
i) Parallel flow,
ii) Counter-Flow, and
iii) Cross Flow
17
PARALLEL FLOW
In the parallel-flow arrangement
the hot and cold fluids enter the

same end, flow in the same direction,
and leave at the same end.
Temperature profile
18
COUNTER FLOW
In the counter-flow arrangement
the fluids enter at opposite
ends, in opposite directions,
and leave at opposite ends.
Temperature profile
out 19
CROSS FLOW (COMPACT HE)
The fluids
may move in
cross-flow (perpendicular) to one
another.
Fluid motion over them may be mixed

or unmixed.
The fluid is unmixed, because fins

inhibit motion in a direction that is
transverse to the main flow direction(x)
Ex: in a car radiator
o The fluid is mixed since the fluid is now 20
free to move in the transverse direction

CROSS FLOW (COMPACT HE)
21
SHELL-AND-TUBE
The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications

is the shell and tube heat exchanger.
22
SHELL-AND-TUBE
These designs contain a large number of tubes (packed in a
shell) and heat transfer takes place as one fluid flows inside the
tubes while the other fluid flows outside the tubes through the
shell.
23
SHELL-AND-TUBE
Baffles are commonly placed in the shell to force the shell-
side fluid to flow across the shell to enhance heat transfer
and to maintain a uniform spacing between the
tubes.
24
SHELL-AND-TUBE MULTI PASS DESIGNS
Shell and tube heat

exchangers are further classified by
how many shell and tube passes
are involved.
One-shell pass and two-tube passes
devices
Heat exchangers in which all the
tubes make 1 U-turn in the shell
Two-shell passes and four-tube passes
devices
25
SHELL-AND-TUBE
26
PLATE AND FRAME
This is an innovative design
which consists of a series of
plates with corrugated flat
flow passages.
Hot and cold fluids flow in

alternative passages, thus the
cold stream is surrounded by
two hot streams.
27
4.2 THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
(DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER)
A heat exchanger typically involves

two flowing fluids separated
by a solid wall.
Heat is transferred
1. from the hot fluid to the wall by
convection,
2. through the wall by conduction,
3. from the wall to the cold fluid again
by convection.
28
DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER
The thermal resistance of the network is
thus:
1 ln Do Di
1
Rtot
hi Ai 2 kL ho Ao
So the thermal resistance in the path of heat flow from hot to cold
fluid in a heat exchanger includes:
i. Skin resistance associated with the flow
ii. Scale resistance from wall fouling (to be discussed later)
iii. Thermal resistance of wall material 29
The heat transfer is therefore:
T
Q UAT U i Ai T U o Ao T
R
Where U = overall heat transfer coefficient
Note: U i Ai U o Ao
Ui Uo unless Ai Ao
30
In this equation, U is called the overall heat transfer coefficient.
1 1 1
Rtot
U As U i Ai U o Ao
31

Since: thickness, t

Rwall
ln ln
Do
Di
Ro
Ri Ro Ri ln 2Ro L
2Ri L
2 kL 2 kL Ro Ri 2 kL
t 1 t 1 t
2L Ro Ri Ao Ai
k 2R L k ln Ao k Am
ln o

Ai
2Ri L
where Am is called the logarithmic mean area
Ao Ai
Am
ln AAoi 32
Since:
1 1 1
Uo 1
Ao R Ao Ai hi k tAm Ao ho
1

1
1 Ao t Ao 1

hi Ai k Am ho
33
And since: Ao 2 Do L

Am 2 LDo Di
2 Do L
ln
2 Di L
Do Do
ln
Do Di Di
Do Do
ln
t Di
34
Therefore substituting this in gives:

1
1 Do Do Do 1
Uo ln
hi Di 2k Di ho
1
1 1 Di Do 1 D0
Ui ln
Ai R hi 2k Di ho Di
35

For a thin tube:
Do Do
t 0; 1 so ln 0
Di Di
1
1 1
Ui Uo
hi ho
36
When the tubes are finned on one side to enhance the heat transfer,
the total heat transfer surface area on the finned side becomes:
As Atotal A fin Aunfinned
Surface Area of fins Surface Area of

Unfinned portion
37

For short fins of high thermal conductivity, we can use
this total area in the convection resistance relation:
1 1
Rconv
h As h Afin Aunfinned
Since in this case the fins will be isothermal.
Otherwise we should determine the effective surface
area from:
As Aunfinned fin A fin
38
EXAMPLE 4.1
Hot oil is to be cooled in a double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger.
The copper inner tubes have a diameter of 2 cm and negligible
thickness. The inner diameter of the outer tube (shell) is 3 cm. Water
flows through the tube at 0.5 kg/s and oil flows through the shell at
0.8 kg/s. Taking the average temperatures of the water and the oil to
be 45C and 80C, respectively, determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient of this heat exchanger.
39
See Example 11-1 from text book

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
Assumptions:
1) Thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible

since the tube is highly conductive and its
thickness is negligible.
2) Both oil and water flow are fully developed.
3) Properties of oil and water are constant.
40
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
Properties of water at 45C (Table A-9):
water 990 m kg
3 Prwater 3.91

k water 0.637 W
mC water 0.602 106 m2
s
Properties of oil at 80C (Table A-16):
oil 852 mkg3 Proil 490

koil 0.138 W
mC oil 37.5 10 6 m 2
s 41
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
Since the thickness is small:
1 1 1

U hi ho
The hydraulic diameter for a circular tube is the diameter of the tube itself,
Dh, water = D = 0.02 m
Therefore the mean velocity (Vm) for water is:

m water m water

Vm
water
water Ac water 14 Dh2, water
0.5 kgs

990
m
1.61
4 0.02 m
kg 1 2 s 42
m3
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
The Reynolds number for the water is:
Vm Dh , water
Re water
water

1.61 ms 0.02 m
53,490
water 0.602 10 6 m 2
s
Since Re > 4,000, which is the Recrit for a pipe, the flow of water is turbulent.
The Nusselt number is thus:
h Dh
Nuwater 0.023 Re 0water
.8
Prwater
0.4
k water
0.023 53,490 3.91 240.6
0.8 0.4
43
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
Then:
k water
hwater Nuwater
Dh , water
0.637 mWC
240.6 7,663 m 2WC
0.02 m
44
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
Now we repeat the analysis for oil.
Dh,oil Do Di
0.03 0.02 0.01 m
The mean velocity of the oil is:

m oil m oil

Vm,oil

oil Ac oil 14 Do2 Di2
0.8 kgs
2.39
852
m
kg
m3
4 0.03 0.02 m
1 2 2 2 s
45
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
So the Reynolds number for oil is:
Re oil
Vm,oil Dh,oil

2.39 ms 0.01 m
637
oil 37.5 10 6 m 2
s
Recrit for oil in a pipe is higher, so the flow of oil is laminar.
The Nusselt number can be found from Table 13-3 (in text) for Dt/Ds= 0.667
as:
Nuoil 5.45
46
(EXAMPLE 4.1)
Therefore:
0.138 mWC
5.45 75.2 m2WC
koil
hoil Nuoil
Dh,oil 0.01 m
since 1 1 1

U hi ho
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for this heat exchanger
becomes: 1 1
U 74.5 m 2 C
W
1 1 1 1
47
hi ho 7,663 m 2 C 75.2 m 2WC
W
FOULING FACTOR
The fouling factor represents the theoretical
resistance to heat flow due to a build up of a layer
of dirt or other fouling substance on the tube
surfaces of the heat exchanger
48
EFFECT OF FOULING
The performance of heat exchangers usually deteriorates with time
as a result of the accumulation of deposits on heat transfer
surfaces.
The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat

transfer and causes Q to decrease.
The net effect is represented by the fouling factor (Rf) which is a
measure of the thermal resistance introduced by fouling.
49
EFFECT OF FOULING
If we define the fouling factors on the inside and the outside surface
to be Rfi and Rfo, respectively. Then the total thermal resistance (R)
with fouling and the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes:
1 R fi t R fo 1
R
Ai hi Ai k Am Ao Ao h0
1
1 Do Do Do Do 1
Uo R fi ln R fo
hi Di Di 2k Di ho
Generally, Uo is low for a fluid with low k-values (for example gases
and oils). 50
EXAMPLE 4.2
A double-pipe (shell and tube) heat
exchanger is constructed of a stainless
steel inner tube with inner diameter
(Di) of 1.5 cm and outer diameter (Do)
of 1.9 cm. and an outer shell of inner
diameter 3.2 cm.
For the convection values and fouling

factors given, determine the thermal
resistance of the heat exchanger and
heat transfer coefficients Ui and Uo.
51
See Example 11-2 from text book

EFFECT OF FOULING
(EXAMPLE 4.2)
The areas are:
Ai Di L 0.015 m 1 m 0.0471 m 2
Ao Do L 0.019 m 1 m 0.0597 m2
The thermal resistance is:
1 1 1
R
U As U i Ai U o Ao

1

R f ,i

ln R
Do
Di

1
f ,o
hi Ai Ai 2 kL Ao ho Ao 52
EFFECT OF FOULING
(EXAMPLE 4.2)
Therefore:
R
1

D
R f ,i ln Doi

R f ,o

1
hi Ai Ai 2 kL Ao ho Ao
0.0004 m WC
2
1

800 W
m C
2
0.0471 m 2
0.0471 m 2
0.019 m
ln m 2 C
0.015 m 0. 0001

1

W
2 15.1 mC 1 m 0.0597 m
W 2
1200 W
m C
2 0.0597 m 2
0.02654 0.00849 0.0025 0.00168 0.001396 WC

0.0532 WC
53
4.3 LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (LMTD) METHOD & CORRECTION
ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
The first law of thermodynamics

requires that the heat transfer to
the cold fluid must be equal to
the heat transfer from the hot
fluid.
Q m c C pc Tc ,out Tc ,in
Q m h C ph Th,in Th,out
Where the subscripts c and h
stand for cold and hot.
54
In heat exchanger analysis it is convenient to combine
the product of the mass flow and the specific heat of a
fluid into a single quantity called the heat capacity rate.
Cc m c c pc
C h m h c ph
Q Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in
Q C T T
h h ,in h ,out 55
Consider an incremental area of the heat exchanger surface (as shown for
either a counter-flow or parallel flow heat exchanger).
Th,in dA Th,in Hot dA
Hot Th,out To Th,out

To Cold
Cold TL
Tc,out TL
Tc,out
Tc,in Tc,in
Parallel Flow Counter-flow
56
The heat transfer over the area (dA) can be expressed in three ways:
1) The heat flow between hot fluids:
dQ U dA T
2) The heat gain by the cold fluid:
dQ Cc dTc
3) The heat given up by the hot fluid:
dQ Ch dTh 57
4.3LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (LMTD)
METHOD
However, since the temperature difference (T) between the

hot and cold fluids varies with distance along the heat
exchanger. It is convenient to use a mean temperature
difference (Tm) between the hot and cold fluids, so that:
Q A U Tm
58
4.3 LMTD METHOD
Consider a parallel double-pipe heat

exchanger. The heat transfer on each
fluid in the differential section can
be expressed as:
Q Ch dTh
Q Cc dTc
59
4.3 LMTD METHOD
Solving these equations gives:

Q Q
dTh dTc
Ch Cc
Taking their difference gives:
1 1
dTh dTc d Th Tc Q

Ch Cc
60
4.3 LMTD METHOD
The rate of heat transfer in the differential section can be
expressed as:
Q U Th Tc dA
Substituting this into the previous equations gives:
d Th Tc 1 1
U dA
Th Tc Ch Cc
61
4.3 LMTD METHOD
Integrating from the inlet to the heat exchanger to its outlet, we
get:
d Th Tc 1 1
L L
0 Th Tc U Ch Cc 0 dA
+ For parallel-flow
- For counter-flow
62
4.3 LMTD METHOD
Solving the integral for parallel flow
(where T1=Th,in-Tc,in and T2=Th,out-Tc,out) we get:
T2

Th ,out Tc ,out 1 1
ln U A
Th ,in Tc ,in C h Cc

T1
T2 C h Cc Cc 1 C h 1
ln U A U A
T1 C h Cc C h Cc Cc C h
63
4.3 LMTD METHOD
Since:
Cc Th,out Th,in Ch Tc ,out Tc ,in

Cc Th,out Th,in
and
Ch Tc ,out Tc ,in
Then:
T2 Th,out Th,in 1 Tc ,out Tc ,in 1

ln U A
Tc ,out Tc ,in Cc Th,out Th,in Ch

T1
64
4.3 LMTD METHOD
Solving:
T2 Th ,out Th,in Tc ,out Tc ,in

ln U A

1
T Q Q
Th ,out Tc ,out Th ,in Tc ,in
U A
Q
T2 T1
U A
Q
65
4.3 LMTD METHOD
Therefore:

T2 T1
Q U A U A Tm
T2
ln
T1

Tm
Mean temperature
66
This is the log mean temperature difference
4.3 LMTD METHOD
The log mean temperature difference method (LMTD) can be used for both
parallel and counter-flow heat exchangers, if the following terms are used for
T:
Parallel Heat Exchangers Counter-flow/ Cross Flow

Heat Exchangers
67
4.3 LMTD METHOD
CORRECTION FACTORS
The LMTD method is strictly limited to single pass, parallel and

counter-flow heat exchangers only.
However, similar relations are also developed for cross-flow and
multi-pass shell and tube heat exchangers, but these are very
complicated expressions.
In these cases it is more convenient to relate the equivalent temperature

difference relation for the counter-flow case as:
Tm F TLMTD,
counter flow
Correction factor Log Mean Temperature Difference 68
for counter-flow heat exchanger

4.3 LMTD METHOD
CORRECTION FACTORS
Correction factor (F) is depends on the geometry of the HE
and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold
fluid stream.
Available from standard charts for several common
configurations.
The correction factor, F for common shell and tube and cross-
flow heat exchangers versus two temperature ratios P and R:
For condenser and boiler , F =1

t 2 t1
P
T1 t1
T1 T2 m c p tube side
R
t 2 t1 m c p shell side
Subscript 1 and 2 = inlet and outlet 69
T and t = shell and tube side temperature

4.3 LMTD METHOD
CORRECTION FACTORS
See Figure 11-19 from Text Book 70

4.3 LMTD METHOD
EXAMPLE 4.3
Cooling water (Cpc=4.187 kJ/(kgK)) flows through a

two-shell passes, four-tube passes heat exchanger at
the rate of 2 kg/s and temperatures at entry of 20C
and exit at 80C. Hot oil enters through the shell
side of the heat exchanger at 140C and leaves at
90C. Calculate the heat exchanger surface area if
the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is 300
W/(m2C).
71
LMTD METHOD
(EXAMPLE 4.3)
Th,in= 140C
Tc,out= 80C
Tc,in= 20C
Th,out= 90C
72
LMTD METHOD
(EXAMPLE 4.3)
The LMTD is:
T1 T2
Tlmtd
T1
ln
T2

90C 20C 140C 80C
64.9C
90C 20C
ln
140C 80C
73
LMTD METHOD
(EXAMPLE 4.3)
Parameters to use the LMTD correction chart:
Tc ,out Tc ,in 80C 20C

P 0.5
Th ,in Tc ,in 140C 20C
Th ,out Th ,in 140C 90C

R 0.833
Tc ,out Tc ,in 80C 20C
74
LMTD METHOD
(EXAMPLE 4.3)
0.97
From chart (Figure 11-19 in text) the value F= 0.97
75
LMTD METHOD
(EXAMPLE 4.3)
Therefore the surface area (As) is:
m c C pc Tc ,out Tc ,in
As
U F Tm

2 4.187
kg
s 80C 20C
kJ
kg K
300 10 0.97 64.9C

3 kW
m 2 C
26.6 m 2
(See Example 11-3 to 11-5 in text book)
76
4.4 THE EFFECTIVENESS -NTU METHOD
This method is useful when the LMTD method cannot be determined.
The required data may instead be determined from the -NTU
method charts of several common configurations
Definitions:
The heat capacity of the cold stream is given by:
Cc m c c pc
The heat capacity of the hot stream is given by:
Ch m h c ph
77
The capacity ratio is defined as:
Cc
C ; if Ch Cc
Ch
Ch
C ; if Ch Cc
Cc
78
The -NTU Method is based upon a dimensionless paramater, Heat
Transfer Efectiveness, :
Q Actual heat transfer rate

Qmax Maximum possible heat transfer rate
For counter-flow heat exchangers, the actual heat transfer rate may be
written either from the cold stream or from the hot stream as:
Q Cc Tc,out Tc,in Ch Th,in Th,out
Where and
Cc m c c pc Ch m h c ph
79
The maximum temperature difference possible in a heat

exchanger is:
Tmax Th ,in Tc ,in
The heat transfer in the heat exchanger will reach its maximum
value when:
1) The cold fluid is heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid.
2) The hot fluid is cooled to the inlet temperature of the cold fluid.
80
However, these two things cannot happen simultaneously unless:
Cc=Ch
But if Cc Ch as is normally the case, the fluid with the smaller

heat capacity will experience the larger temperature change and
thus will be the first to experience maximum temperature, at
which point heat transfer will come to a halt.
81
Therefore, the maximum possible heat transfer rate in
heat exchanger is:
Q max Cmin Th,in Tc,in
where : Cmin is the smaller of Cc or Ch
82
Q Actual heat transfer rate

Qmax Maximum possible heat transfer rate
Therefore the heat exchanger effectiveness for a counter-

flow heat exchanger is:
Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in

Cmin Th,in Tc ,in
Ch Th ,in Th,out

Cmin Th,in Tc ,in
83
NTU Number of Heat Transfer Unit
The NTU is a measure of physical size of the heat exchanger; the

larger the NTU, the larger heat exchanger size. It is defined as
the ratio of the heat capacity of the heat exchanger to the
minimum heat capacity of the flow.
As U U As
NTU
Cmin m C p min
84
(STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE)
The -NTU Method Procedure
1) Determine Cmin and Cmax from m c of the streams and

p
calculate the capacity ratio C.
Cmin
c
Cmax
85
2) Determine:
U As
NTU
Cmin
Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in Ch Th ,in Th ,out

Cmin Th ,in Tc ,in Cmin Th ,in Tc ,in
86
3) Charts
Knowing , NTU, and C use the chart

(Figure 11-27 in the text) to
determine U and As in question.
OR from standard derivation Tables 11-4

& 11-5
87
4) Compute the heat transfer rate:
Q Cmin Th,in Tc,in
88
5) Calculate the outlet temperature:
Q
Th ,out Th ,in
Ch
Q
Tc ,out Tc ,in
Cc
89
4.3 LMTD METHOD
EXAMPLE 4.4
Alcohol is to be cooled at a rate of 0.2 kg/s from 75C to 35C
in a counter-flow heat exchanger. Cooling water enters the
heat exchanger at 12C at a rate of 0.16 kg/s. The convective
coefficient between alcohol and the tube wall and water is
0.34 kW/(m2K) and between the tube wall and water is 0.225
kW/(m2K). The tube may be assumed to be thin. The specific
heat for the alcohol is 2.52 KJ/(kgK) and water is 4.187
KJ/(kgK).
Calculate the capacity ratio (C), effectiveness (), and heat
exchanger surface area (As).
90
EXAMPLE 4.5
A single, pass counter-flow shell-and-tube heat exchanger is
used to cool hot mercury (Cph=1.37 kJ/(kgK)) from 110C to
70C flowing at a rate of 1 kg/s with water (Cpc=4.187 kJ/(kgK))
entering at 30C and flowing at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. Calculate the
heat transfer surface area required and the exit temperature of
the water if the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is 250
kW/(m2K).
91
TUTORIAL
1) 11.53
2)11.54
3) 11.55
4) 11.60
5) 11.63
6) 11.86
7) 11.88
8) 11.103
9) 11.107
10) Past Final Exam Questions
92
4.5 HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN & CONSIDERATIONS
Some design considerations are:
Heat transfer rate

This is the most important quantity. A heat exchanger must be capable of
transferring heat at a specified rate in order to achieve the desired
temperature change of the fluid at a specified mass flow rate.
Cost
Budgetary limitations always play an important role. Operating and
maintenance costs are also a factor.
Pumping Power
The fluids are normally forced by pumps or fans which require a pump with
associate electrical costs.
93
4.5 HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN & CONSIDERATIONS
Size and weight
Normally the smaller and lighter, the better. This is especially true for
automotive and aerospace industries.
Type
The type of heat exchanger depends on the requirements, fluids
involved, size and weight limitations etc.
Materials
The materials in the heat exchanger construction may be an important
consideration, especially if thermal stresses are an issue.
94
REFERENCES
1. Yunus A. Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer A Practical Approach,

McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2007
2. Yunus A. Cengel, Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat

Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 2008.
3. Incropera et.al., Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley, 6th Edition,
2007.
4. J.P.Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 10th Edition,2010.
5. P.K.Nag, Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2003.
95

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MEC551

1) Recognize numerous types of heat exchangers and

2) Develop an awareness of fouling on surfaces, and

3) Perform a general energy analysis on heat

4) Obtain a relation for the logarithmic mean temperature

5) Develop relations for effectiveness, and analyze heat

6) Know the primary considerations in the selection of heat

4.6 Heat Pipes Principles 4.1 Types of

4.2 The Overall

a device in which heat is transferred from one

differ from mixing chambers

Heat transferred involves convection in each fluid

two fluids are kept separate by a

Heat exchangers are typically can be classified according

The simplest heat exchanger is

- Consists of two concentric pipes of different

The simplest HE is one for which the hot and

There are three basic flow arrangements in Heat

the hot and cold fluids enter the

Fluid motion over them may be mixed

The fluid is unmixed, because fins

o The fluid is mixed since the fluid is now 20

free to move in the transverse direction

The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications

Shell and tube heat

Hot and cold fluids flow in

A heat exchanger typically involves

The heat transfer is therefore:

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

In this equation, U is called the overall heat transfer coefficient.

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

where Am is called the logarithmic mean area

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Therefore substituting this in gives:

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

As Atotal A fin Aunfinned

Surface Area of fins Surface Area of

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

See Example 11-1 from text book

1) Thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible

Properties of water at 45C (Table A-9):

Properties of oil at 80C (Table A-16):

oil 852 mkg3 Proil 490

Since the thickness is small:

Therefore the mean velocity (Vm) for water is:

The Reynolds number for the water is:

Now we repeat the analysis for oil.

The mean velocity of the oil is:

So the Reynolds number for oil is:

Recrit for oil in a pipe is higher, so the flow of oil is laminar.

The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat

For the convection values and fouling

See Example 11-2 from text book

The areas are:

The thermal resistance is:

0.02654 0.00849 0.0025 0.00168 0.001396 WC

The first law of thermodynamics

Th,in dA Th,in Hot dA

Hot Th,out To Th,out

Parallel Flow Counter-flow