CHAPTER 2

ISO OSI Architecture

 Last class (contd)
The evolution of the telephone system.
Addressing.

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 Today
Data networks.

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 Data Communication Model

Network

Source Destination

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Simplified Communication Model

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Simplified Data Communications
Model

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 Components
End systems (or hosts),
Routers/switches/bridges, and
Links (twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber, radio,
etc.).

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 Components (contd)
Source
generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter
Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System
Carries data
Receiver
Converts received signal into data
Destination
Takes incoming data
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 Key Tasks
Transmission.
Signal Generation.
Synchronization.

Error detection and correction.

Addressing and routing

End-to-end Recovery.

Security.

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 Key Tasks
Transmission.
Signal Generation.
Physical Layer
Synchronization.

Error detection and correction.

Data Link Layer

Addressing and routing

End-to-end Recovery. Network Layer

Security.
Transport Layer

Application Layer

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 Networking
Point to point communication not usually
practical
Devices are too far apart.
Large set of devices would need impractical
number of connections.
Solution is a communications network.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO4KlANyuwU

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 Simplified Network Model

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 Connecting End Systems

Dedicated link

Multiple access / shared medium

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 Connecting End Systems (contd)

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 Shared Communication
Infrastructure

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

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 Types of Data Networks
Several ways to classify data networks.
For example, according to coverage.
Local Area Networks (LANs) typically provide
networking capabilities within a building,
campus.
Typically within 5-mile radius.
Wide-Area Networks (WANs) span greater
geographic distances (e.g., world-wide).
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) span
more restricted distances, e.g., geographic
regions (e.g., Los Nettos network in Southern
California, etc.)
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 The Internet

Backbone

Regional

Stub

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 Types of Networks (contd)
Classification according to type of connection.
Dedicated link.
Shared medium (multiple access).
Switched point-to-point.

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 Types of Networks (contd)
Classification according to topology
What is network topology?
The way network elements are interconnected.

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 Network Topologies: Examples

Ring
Star Tree

Irregular
Bus

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 More Concepts
Network protocols.
Layering.
Network/protocol architecture.

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 Network Protocols
Diplomats use rules, called protocols, as
guides for formal interactions.
A communication protocol is a set of rules
that specify the format and meaning of
messages exchanged between computers
across a network.
A set of related protocols that are designed
for compatibility are called protocol suite.

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 Human and Computer Protocols

Human Protocol Computer Protocol

Web client
Hi
open
connection
Hi
OK Web server
Got the
send me data
time?
2:00
<data>
time

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 Layering
What is it?
Building complex systems is hard!
Approach: Divide and conquer.
Split job into smaller jobs, or layers.
Analogy to other fields.
Building a house: digging, foundation, framing, etc.
Car assembly line
Basic idea: each step dependent on the previous
step but does not need to be aware of how the
previous step was done.
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 Analogy: Air Travel
The problem: air travel.
Decomposed into series of steps:
Arrival at airport Departure from airport

Check-in Baggage claim

Boarding Deplane

Takeoff Landing

Traveling

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 More on the air travel analogy

Arrival Departure
Departing airport

Arriving airport
Check-in Baggage claim

Boarding Deplane

Takeoff Landing

intermediate air traffic sites

Airplane routing Airplane routing

Traveling
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 Protocol Architecture
Task of communication broken up into modules
For example file transfer could use three
modules
File transfer application
Communication service module
Network access module

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 Simplified File Transfer
Architecture

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 A Three Layer Model

Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Access Layer

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 Network Access Layer
Exchange of data between the computer and
the network
Sending computer provides address of
destination
May invoke levels of service
Dependent on type of network used (LAN,
packet switched etc.)

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 Transport Layer
Reliable data exchange
Independent of network being used
Independent of application

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 Application Layer
Support for different user applications
e.g. e-mail, file transfer

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 Layered Protocol Design
Layering model is a solution to the problem of
complexity in network protocols
The model divides the network protocols into
layers, each of which solves part of the
network communication problem
Each layer has its own protocol!
Each layer implements a service to the layer
above
Relying on services provided by the layers
below.

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 Layers
Layers are the different components that need
to be designed/implemented when
designing/implementing networks.
Each layer responsible for a set of functions.
Top layer relies on services provided by
bottom layer.
Layer makes it service available to higher layer
through an interface.

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 Network/Protocol Architecture
Set of layers, what their functions are, the
services each of them provide, and the
interfaces between them.
A.k.a, protocol architecture or protocol stack.
Examples:
ISO-OSI 7 layer architecture.
TCP-IP architecture (Internet).

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 Protocol Data Units (PDU)
At each layer, protocols are used to
communicate.
At the source, control information is added to
user data at each layer, a.k.a., encapsulation.
At the receiver, control information is stripped off
at each layer going up the stack, a.k.a.,
decapsulation.

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 Operation of a Protocol
Architecture

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 Example 1: ISO OSI Architecture
ISO: International Standards Organization
OSI: Open Systems Interconnection.
Application
Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data link
Physical

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 Layers of Interest in ISO Model
Layer 7: Application
Application-specific protocols (e.g. ftp, http, smtp)
Layer 4: Transport
Delivery of data between computers (end-to-end).
Layer 3: Network
Data routing across a network.
Layer 2: Data Link
Reliable transmission over physical medium.
Layer 1: Physical
- Transmission of bits between two nodes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6Uoku-M6oY
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 Example 2: TCP/IP Architecture
Model employed by the Internet.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rR8p6gs
ExY TCP/IP Application ISO OSI
Application Presentation

Session
Transport
Transport
Internet
Network
Network
Access Data link
Physical
Physical

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 TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

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