Mobility in LTE

Radio Network Design for Roll-Outs (RNDR)

Connected Mode Mobility
Idle Mode Mobility

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Connected Mode Mobility

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Connected Mode Mobility

Overview
Mobility supported in different releases
Mobility triggers
Mobility Thresholds
Connected Mode Mobility types
Intra and Inter-frequency Handovers
S1 Handover
IRAT Handover to WCDMA
eNACC to GSM
RRC Connection Release with Redirect
CS Fallback

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Overview
Procedures supported:
Handover: Transfer of an ongoing call/data session from a cell to another
without call interruption. Handovers in LTE are:
o Network controlled
o UE assisted
o Hard handovers: Only a connection exist to one cell at a time
Redirection: Similar to handover, but requires connection release prior to the
transfer the ongoing call
Cell change: procedure dedicated for call transfer from LTE to GSM; it requires
connection release

Licensing:
All IRAT HO, inter-frequency HO, CSFB to UTRAN/GERAN via redirect and S1
handovers are optional features:
When enabled they are activated for the whole eNodeB
If deactivated the eNB does not configure UE to measure other technologies/
frequencies so handover is not triggered

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Mobility supported in different Releases
FDD: RL10 RL20 RL30
Intra eNB Handover Inter Frequency HO (intra IRAT Handover: LTE to
eNB and via X2) WCDMA
Inter eNB HO via X2 interface S1 based HO eNACC from LTE to GSM
RRC connection Release with CSFB to UTRAN or GSM
Redirect via Redirect

TDD: RL15TD RL25TD

Intra eNodeB Handover IRAT Handover: LTE to WCDMA
Inter eNodeB Handover via X2 eNACC from LTE to GSM

Inter frequency handover (intra eNodeB and via X2) CSFB to UTRAN or GSM via
Redirect
RRC connection Release with Redirect
Inter eNodeB Handover via S1

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Mobility Triggers (1/3)

Mobility is handled via events triggering. 3GPP defines following events:

Event A1 Serving becomes better than

threshold
Event A2 Serving becomes worse than
threshold
Events A4 and B1 Event A3 Neighbour becomes offset better
are not supported than serving
in RL30 Event A4 Neighbour becomes better than
threshold
Event A5 Serving becomes worse than
threshold1 and neighbour
becomes better than threshold2
Event B1 Inter RAT neighbour becomes
better than threshold
Event B2 Serving becomes worse than
threshold1 and inter RAT
neighbour becomes better than
threshold2
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Mobility Triggers (2/3)

Event A2/A1: RSRP of serving cell is down/up-crossing certain RSRP threshold

(threshold2a/ threshold1)
Event A3 (better cell HO): RSRP of neighbour cell is a predefined offset better
than RSRP of serving (for intra and inter frequency HOs)
Event A5 (coverage HO): RSRP of serving cell is down-crossing certain
threshold, while RSRP of neighbour cell is up-crossing an other threshold (for intra
and inter frequency HOs)

threshold3a

threshold3

neighbour
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Mobility Triggers (3/3)

Inter-RAT measurements (GERAN or UMTS supported in RL30)

Event B2: Serving cells RSRP down-crossing threshold1, while neighbour cell
RSSI or CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No up-crossing threshold2
Triggers for Inter-RAT reports are:
RSSI in case of GERAN
CPICH RSCP or CPICH EC/N0 in case of UMTS

Signal
Level
B2 trigger
Inter-RAT
Neighbour cell
B2 thold 2 signal

B2 thold 1
RSRP serving

move direction

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Handover Thresholds
Measurement Activations
Threshold 1 (Th1): UE does not perform measurements of neighbour cells when
the serving cell RSRP is above Threshold1 (Th1)
Thresholds 2 (Th2_interfreq/Th2_WCDMA/Th2_GSM):UE starts performing
measurement gaps when one of the Th2 events is reported to the eNodeB in a
measurement report. Event A2
Threshold2a (Th2a): Measurement gaps are cancelled if serving cell RSRP rises
above Th2a. Event A1
Threshold 4 (Th4):RRC Connection Release with redirection is triggered if no
suitable intra or inter frequency/IRAT cells are found. Event A2
Intra LTE + Inter
Freq + WCDMA +
GSM
threshold2InterFreq measurements
RRC
Event A2 Intra LTE + Inter Connection
No measurements Intra LTE Intra LTE + Inter Freq + WCDMA
except serving cell measurements Freq measurements Release and
measurements re-direction

RSRP (dBm)
threshold4
Th1 Th2a Th2_InterFreq Th2_WCDMA Th2_GSM Th4
Event A2
Threshold1 Threshold2a threshold2WCDMA threshold2GERAN
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S-measure a1-threshold Event A2 Event A2
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Intra- and Inter-frequency Handover Thresholds
Serving cell (not including neighbour cell thresholds)
Example values:

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Mobility thresholds comments
RRC_connected mode

LTE thresholds are relative to -140 dBm. This means if for example threshold3 is
set to 21, the RSRP value is (-140+21=) -119dBm

The following restrictions need to be fulfilled:

Threshold4 < Threshold3 < Threshold2_xxxx <= Threshold2a < Threshold1
Threshold3 < Threshold3a
Threshold3InterFreq < Threshold3aInterFreq

The higher the threshold the better the RSRP signal

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IRAT (WCDMA) handover thresholds
Serving cell
Threshold2InterFreq
When RSRP is below
Threshold2InterFreq, UE starts
measurements on other
frequencies.
Threshold2Wcdma
RSRP for When RSRP is below
serving cell Threshold2Wcdma, UE
decreases starts measurements
on WCDMA
frequencies in addition
Threshold1 to other LTE
frequencies (Intra+
InterFrequencies)
Threshold3
When RSRP is below
Threshold3, UE will
perform HO to neighbour.
(Assuming that neighbour
is better than threshold3a Threshold4
and A5 handover is
activated)
b2Threshold1Utra
When serving RSRP is
below b2Threshold1Utra
UE performs HO to
WCDMA neighbour
(Assuming that RSCP or
EcNo of WCDMA
neighbour is better than
b2Threshold2Utra
Rscp/EcNo.

-50 -90 -118 -119 -120

When RSRP is above
Threshold2a, UE stops
measurements on RSRP increases
other frequencies
(including IRAT)
Threshold2a
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IRAT (eNACC) handover thresholds
Serving cell Threshold2GERAN
Threshold2InterFreq When RSRP is below
Threshold2GERAN, UE
When RSRP is below starts measurements on
Threshold2InterFreq, GERANfrequencies
UE starts
measurements on Threshold3
other frequencies. Threshold4
When RSRP is below
Threshold3, UE will perform
RSRP for HO to neighbour. (Assuming
that neighbour is better than
serving cell threshold3a and A5 handover
decreases is activated)

Threshold1 b2Threshold1GERAN
When serving RSRP is below
b2Threshold1GERAN, UE
performs eNACC to GSM
neighbour (Assuming that RSSI
of GERAN neighbour is better
than b2Threshold2RssiGERAN

-50 -90 -118 -119 -120

When RSRP is above
Threshold2a, UE stops
measurements on other RSRP increases
frequencies (including IRAT)

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Threshold2a
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Intra and inter frequency handovers

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Handovers

Two main types of handovers in LTE:

Better Cell Handover or A3 Handover
It aims to keep the UE always on best cell (measured by RSRP/RSRQ), e.g.
HO to another cell happens when neighbour cell becomes more than 4 dB
better than serving cell

Coverage Handover, or A5 Handover

When serving cell RSRP gets below a certain threshold (e.g.-95 dBm RSRP)
AND neighbour cell RSRP gets better than an absolute threshold (e.g. -92 dBm
RSRP)

They can be intra and inter frequency (different

parameters) and intra or inter eNodeB
LNBTS
LNCEL
They can be enabled/disabled on cell level:
Inter-frequency HO parameters are defined in LNHOIF
LNIFHO object whereas Intra-frequency HO
parameters are defined in LNCEL object

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A3 event based Handover
Intra-Frequency
Intra-frequency better coverage based (A3) handover event evaluation
Mn hysA3Offset > Ms + a3Offset
Parameters
involved:

hysA3Offset
Signal intra-frequency
level Hysteresis of HO Margin
neighbour cell
LNCEL; 0..15; 0.5; - dB (Mn)
(RSRP)
hysA3Offset

a3Offset
Better cell HO margin for RSRP
a3Offset LNCEL; -1515; 0.5; - dB

serving cell (Ms)

time
Event A3 condition fullfilled, a3TimeToTrigger a3ReportInterval
UE sends measurement
Measurement Measurement
report Report Report

a3TimeToTrigger a3ReportInterval
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LNCEL; 0..5120ms; -; 320ms(8) LNCEL; 120ms..60 min; -; 240ms (1)
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A3 event based Handover
Inter-Frequency
Inter-frequency better coverage/quality based (A3) handover event evaluation
Mn hysA3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq > Ms + a3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq
measQuantInterFreq
def. which quantity to use
Signal for event A3 hysA3OffsetRsrp/qInterFreq
level Hysteresis of HO Margin inter-frequency
LNHOIF; RSRP, RSRQ;
neighbour cell
both; RSRP LNHOIF; 0..15; 0.5; - dB
(RSRP (Mn)
or hysA3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq
RSRQ)

a3OffsetRsrp/qInterFreq
Better cell HO margin for RSRP/Q
a3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq
LNHOIF; 0..15; 0.5; - dB

serving cell (Ms)

time
Event A3 condition fullfilled, a3TimeToTriggerRsr(p/q)InterFreq a3ReportIntervalRsr(p/q)InterFreq
UE sends measurement
Measurement Measurement
report Report Report

a3TimeToTriggerRsrp/qInterFreq a3ReportIntervalRsrp/qInterFreq
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LNHOIF; 0..5120ms; -; not used LNHOIF; 120ms..60 min; -; not used
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 A5 event based Handover
Intra-Frequency
Intra-frequency coverage based (A5) handover event evaluation
Parameters
Ms + hysThreshold3 < threshold3 involved:
and
Mn hysThreshold3 > threshold3a
Signal
level intra-frequency
neighbour cell
(RSRP) hysThreshold3 (Mn)
hysThreshold3
Hysteresis of HO Margin
LNCEL; 0..15; 0.5; - dB
threshold3a
LNCEL; 0..97; 1; - dB

threshold3
LNCEL; 0..97; 1; - dB
hysThreshold3
serving cell (Ms)
time
event A5 condition fullfilled
a5TimeToTrigger
UE sends measurement report Measurement Measurement
Report Report
a5TimeToTrigger
a5ReportInterval
LNCEL; 0..5120ms; -;320ms
Soc Classification level LNCEL; 120ms..60 min; 240ms
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A5 event based Handover
Inter-Frequency
Inter-frequency coverage based (A5) handover event evaluation
Ms + hysThreshold3InterFreq < threshold3InterFreq
and
Mn hysThreshold3InterFreq > threshold3aInterFreq

Signal
level inter-frequency
hysThreshold3InterFreq neighbour cell
(RSRP) (Mn)
Hysteresis of HO Margin hysThreshold3InterFreq
LNHOIF; 0..15; 0.5; - dB

threshold3aInterFreq
LNHOIF; 0..97; 1; - dB

threshold3InterFreq
LNHOIF; 0..97; 1; - dB
hysThreshold3InterFreq
serving cell (Ms)
time
event A5 condition fullfilled
a5TimeToTriggerInterFreq
UE sends measurement report Measurement Measurement
Report Report
a5TimeToTriggerInterFreq
a5ReportIntervalInterFreq
LNHOIF; 0..5120ms; -; -
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Example of successful intra-freq HO

Step 1: UE sends measurement report on PCI 274

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Example of successful intra-freq HO

Step 2: UE gets RRCConnectionReconfiguration on DL and replies with

an RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete on UL
Note that for a successful HO, this happens twice. The first
RRCConnectionReconfiguration comes from the source cell and the
second one from the target

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Measurement Reports
Measurement reports
refer to a measurement
Id (measId)
A measId is defined by
a measurement Object
(e.g. a frequency) and
a reportConfig (an
Event)
Measurement
configuration
information is sent to
the UE in the RRC
Connection
Reconfiguration Msg.
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message c1 : rrcConnectionReconfiguration :
{
rrcConnectionReconfiguration-r8 :
{
measConfig
{
measObjectToAddModList
measIdToAddModList {
{ {
{ measObjectId 1,
measId 1, measObject measObjectEUTRA :
measObjectId 1, {
reportConfigId 1 carrierFreq 2075,
}, allowedMeasBandwidth mbw25,
{ presenceAntennaPort1 TRUE,
measId 2,
measObjectId 1, }
neighCellConfig '00'B
reportConfigId 2
}, reportConfigId 2,
}, reportConfig reportConfigEUTRA :
quantityConfig {
{ triggerType event :
quantityConfigEUTRA {
{ eventId eventA5 :
} {
}, a5-Threshold1 threshold-RSRP : 30,
measGapConfig release : a5-Threshold2 threshold-RSRP : 32
NULL, },
s-Measure 90, hysteresis 0,
timeToTrigger ms640
},
triggerQuantity rsrp,
reportQuantity sameAsTriggerQuantity,
maxReportCells 8,
reportInterval ms240,
reportAmount infinity
Presentation / Author / Date
}
Connected mode mobility
Exercise: inter-frequency A3
An operator has an existing LTE network on 2600MHz and on 1800MHz

LTE1800MHz network has more sites than 2600MHz network. They have 20MHz
BW on 2600 and only 10MHz BW on 1800, so they want to keep the traffic as long
as possible on the 2600MHz layer

For 1800MHz cells, LNHOIF settings towards the 2600MHz layer are as follows:
LNHOIF:hysA3OffsetRsrpInterFreq = 2dB
LNHOIF:a3OffsetRsrpInterFreq = 2dB

Exercise
1. Define suitable values for a3OffsetRsrpInterFreq and hysA3offsetRsrpInterFreq
for the LTE2600 cells towards the 1800MHz layer and explain why.

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Connected mode mobility
Ping-pong RSRP/RSRQ A3
Simultaneous activation of RSRP and RSRQ A3 handovers between two different
layers may lead to ping pong HO between these layers. For example, in the
previous network example case:
RSRP is better on 1800: lower frequency ->lower free space loss and penetration loss
RSRQ is better on 2600: less interference due to lower number of sites
A UE on a 1800 site when measuring a 2600 neighbour with better RSRQ it
performs HO to 2600 site. Once on 2600, the UE measures an 1800 site with
better RSRP, performs HO to 2600
Exercise
1. Considering the below settings, suggest two possible solutions to avoid the ping
pong (remember, operator wants to keep traffic in 2600 as long as possible):
Settings for 1800 cells:
LNHOIF (2600MHz):hysA3OffsetRsrp(/Rsrq)InterFreq = 2dB
LNHOIF (2600MHz):a3OffsetRsrp(/Rsrq)InterFreq = 2dB
Settings for 2600 cells:
LNHOIF (1800MHz):hysA3OffsetRsrp(/Rsrq)InterFreq = 3dB
LNHOIF (1800MHz):a3OffsetRsrp(/Rsrq)InterFreq = 3dB

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Connected mode mobility
Exercise: inter-frequency A5 handover
An operator has an existing LTE network on 2600MHz. Additionally, they want to
launch LTE on 1800MHz also. They have 20MHz BW on 2600 and only 10MHz
BW on 1800, so they want to keep the traffic as long as possible on the 2600MHz
layer.
Thresholds on LTE2600 cells are:
Threshold1: 90
Threshold3: 45
Threshold3a: 48
Operator wants that UEs start measuring LTE1800 cells when RSRP is worse than
-100dBm.
Identify the new thresholds that need to be considered on 2600 cells and define
suitable values
Based on new threshold values... Is there any change required in threshold3
and threshold3a values?
Idenfity suitable thresholds for intra and inter-frequency A5 handover for the
LTE 1800 cells (remember that operators strategy is to keep the traffic as long
as possible on the 2600MHz layer)

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S1 handover

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 RL15TD RL20
Intra LTE Handover via S1
Extended mobility option to X2 handover

Applicable for intra and inter frequency HO

and only for inter-eNB HO
DL Data forwarding via S1
Handover in case of
no X2 interface between eNodeBs, e.g.
not operative, not existing or because
blacklisted usage
eNodeBs connected to different CN
elements
For the UE there is no difference whether the HO is executed via X2 or S1
interface
HO reasons better cell HO (A3) and coverage HO (A5) are supported
MME and/or SGW can be changed during HO (i.e. if source and target
eNodeB belong to different MME/S-GW)

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE54

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IRAT HO to WCDMA

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Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA RL25TD RL30

IRAT hard handover from LTE to WCDMA PS domain through S1 interface

Phases:
1. Handover initiation:
eNB starts a HO to WCDMA following a received measurement report with event B2
Max. 8 cells reported (strongest first) that create the TCL (target cell list)

2. Handover preparation:
Resource allocation on target side (E-RAB
parameters mapped into PDP context)

3. Handover execution:
UE moves into WCDMA cell after receiving
MobilityfromEUTRACommand message

4. Handover completion:
Release of S1 connection and internal
resources after successful HO (no timers
expired)

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Inter-RAT Handover to WCDMA
Event B2
Handover from LTE to WCDMA is triggered by poor LTE radio coverage and
sufficient WCDMA cell radio signal quality
Radio conditions for serving and neigbour cells are defined with event B2

Entering conditions Leaving conditions

1. Ms + Hys < Thresh1 1. Ms - Hys > Thresh1
and or
2. Mn + Ofn Hys > Thresh2 2. Mn + Ofn + Hys < Thresh2

Ms -> RSRP of serving cell

Mn -> RSCP/EcN0 of neigbour cell reportConfigInterRAT
Thresh1 -> b2threshold1Utra -> refers to signal level of serving cell
Thresh2 -> b2threshold2UtraRSCP/EcN0 -> refers to signal level of neighbour cell
Hys -> hysB2ThresholdUtra -> hysteresis to prevent ping-pong effect between
entering and leaving conditions; parameter common for both
serving and neigbour cell
Ofn -> OffsetFreqUtra -> refers to neighbour cell only

measObjectUTRA

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Inter-RAT Handover to WCDMA
Event B2
Entering condition:
RSRP,s < b2threshold1Utra hysB2thresholdUtra AND
utraRSCP/EcNo,n > b2theshold2UtraRscp/EcNo- offsetFreqUtra + hysB2ThresholdUtra

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Inter-RAT Handover to WCDMA Flow

MME
LTE, Source:CelI WCDMA, Target Cell

Measurement Report Triggered EventA2

RRC Connection Reconfiguration New MeasConfig used for IRAT Handover

RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete

Measurement Report Triggered EventB2

Handover Preparation

Handover Preparation Successful

MobilityFromEUTRAcommand
Handover Command

HandoverToUTRANComplete

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Inter-RAT Handover to WCDMA

Triggered EventA2

Triggered EventB2

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eNACC to GSM

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eNACC to GSM
Network Assisted Cell Change to GSM
Similar feature to HO to WCDMA:
IRAT Measurements triggered via event A2/A1 (activated/deactivated)
Triggered by event B2 (although using different parameter values)

Difference: it is not a handover procedure

UE goes first into GSM RRC Idle mode and starts the RRC Connection Setup
procedure in GSM

Network Assisted: GSM system information

of 2G target cell is sent to UE (giving a gain
of ~1s in the process but with significant
service interruption)

Maximum number of GSM cells to be

reported is hardcoded to 8

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eNACC to GSM Entering conditions
1. Ms + Hys < Thresh1
Event B2 and
Entering Condition: 2. Mn Hys > Thresh2
RSRP,s < b2threshold1GERAN hysB2ThresholdGERAN AND
RxLev,n > b2theshold2RssiGERAN+ hysB2ThresholdGERAN

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Layering Strategy. Theoretical Study
eNACC procedure parameter recommendations
Detailed information for parameter settings in this and other several mobility scenarios is
available within the PKDB scenarios: http://pkdb1.emea.nsn-net.net:8080/pkdbWebToolLTE/
Scope:
Suggest parameter settings for LTE eNACC procedure (theoretical assumptions)
Assumptions:
Continuous GSM 900MHz coverage ensured
Partial LTE 2600 MHz coverage

Design Goals:
Maximize users throughput
Ping-pong effect elimination
Maximize UE time within LTE coverage
Minimize necessary time for GSM cell
measurement
Minimize time necessary for cell
reselection from LTE to GSM

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Procedure Criteria
Event A2 to activate GERAN measurements:
RSRP,s < threshold2GERAN hysThreshold2GERAN
during a2TimeToTriggerActGERANMeas
Event B2 for eNACC procedure: Hysteresis
values
RSRP,s < b2threshold1GERAN hysB2ThresholdGERAN AND assumed to be
RxLev,n > b2theshold2RssiGERAN+ hysB2ThresholdGERAN 0 dB
during b2TimeToTriggerGERANMeas

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Parameter Values Proposal

RSSI threshold
in GERAN
relative to -110

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Conclusions

threshold2GERAN = b2Threshold1GERAN:
when event A2 is triggered (measuring for
GSM neighbours) the event B2 (eNACC)
could also be triggered
Measuring time for GSM cell is limited
(reducing the impact in throughput)

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RRC Connection Release with Redirect

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RRC Connection Release with Redirect
Event A2
When serving RSRP falls below threshold4 for a time a2TimeToTriggerRedirect
the RRC connection is released and UE redirects to the E-UTRA or inter-RAT
carrier frequency with highest priority (if several redirection objects defined)
regardless of the signal strength of the target carrier
UE capabilities are considered when performing redirect

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RRC Connection Release with Redirect

It is possible to define different redirection (REDR) objects and different priorities

between those objects
eNB selects the target frequency for redirect based on the priorities configured for
frequency layers
If the highest priority layer is not supported by UE according to capabilities
reported earlier, then the next highest priority layer is selected.
Redirection is blind: UE does not measure on the target frequency for redirection
before the connection is released.
If there is no coverage in the target frequency the connection drops

Note: Priority 1 is highest! (unlike for the cell reselection priority parameters
where 7 is highest)

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RRC Connection Release with Redirect
Signalling

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RRC Connection Release with Redirect
Performance (LTE -> 3G)
Test results (FTP DL session and streaming session) show that user impact of
Redirect is minimal and end user will not notice the RRC release with redirect
Effects:
FTP: couple seconds gap in the transmission is noticed while connection is
redirected to 3G
Streaming (YouTube): redirection is not noticeable. No gaps in sound/picture

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CSFB
Circuit Switched Fallback

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 RL20
CSFB to UTRAN or GSM via redirect

Required when there is no Conversational Voice support on LTE side

Redirection from LTE to UTRAN or to GSM during the call setup. MOC and
MTC setup supported

EPC must support

CS inter-working for
mobility
management and
paging

Redirection by RRC connection release message with a

RedirectedCarrierInfo IE that enforces the UE to search for any cell first at the
highest priority UTRA carrier or within BCCH carrier set for GSM
After termination of the CS call, UEs supporting CS fallback may stay in current
RAT of camp back into the LTE carrier
CSFB: Circuit Switched Fallback
IE: Information Element
MOC: Mobile Originated Calls
MTC: Mobile Terminated Calls
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CS Fallback Signalling Example
MOC in ECM_Connected Further examples (ECM_IDLE, MTC) in:
https://sharenet-
ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D4376
59035
UE needs to be
IMSI attached

UE starts Initial Access

procedure and sends
Extended Service Request
message with Service
Type set to mobile
originating CS fallback

eNB sends
RRCConnectRelease
message with redirect
information of WCDMA
Frequency to be used
for redirection

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Mobility Parameter Settings

Examples from real cases

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Example of Mobility Parameter Settings
Compilation of real cases (1/2)
Examples show that mobility related parameters are particularly project dependant
even cell/area dependant and it is not possible to establish a common value
In order to trigger the A5 handover (coverage) it is necessary that:
(threshold3a threshold3) + 2*hysThreshold3 < a3offset +hystA3Offset

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Example of Mobility Parameter Settings
Compilation of real cases (2/2)
Mobility Thresholds
Thresholds are relative to -140dBm
98 value means not used
It is possible to further optimize the values during early drive tests and once the
networks are launched

98: not used

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Idle mode mobility

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Contents

Idle Mode Mobility

Cell Selection
LTE intra-frequency Reselection
LTE inter-frequency Reselection
Inter RAT Reselection

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Cell Selection

Procedure that allows the UE to camp on a cell

UE searches for a suitable cell (belonging to the selected PLMN, not barred,
belonging to a TA not forbidden and that satisfies the S-criteria):
The UE selects a cell if Srxlev > 0 VPLMN: Visited PLMN

LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset
Typically 0 (only used when camping in VPLMN)

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) P_compensation

Max(LNCEL:pMaxOwnCell - P_max from UE (*) , 0)

Measured value
LNCEL:qRxLevMin (*) P_max from UE : UE class specific
max. UL Tx power; 23 dBm
Typically -130dBm

SIB1 is used to transmit cell selection parameters pMaxOwnCell (SIB1)

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54 Nokia Siemens Networks
Used to calculate
P_compensation
LNCEL; -30..33dBm; 1dBm; -
Presentation / Author / Date
S Criterion Cell Selection
P_compensation = max(pMaxOwnCell P_max from UE, 0)

P_compensation provides a contribution only if the UE has less TX power

capabilities than allowed in the radio cell
If P_compensation > 0 the S-criteria is more difficult to achieve as Qrxlevmeas
needs to be higher

P_compensation avoids UEs camping on cells for which they have insufficient
power to access (towards cell edge)

qrxLevMin defines the cell size I am

outside
qrxLevMin can be set up
differently for intra frequency,
inter frequency and IRAT:

I am inside,
but I have
not enough
power

Soc Classification level E.g. pMaxOwnCell: 33 dBm in GMC files

55 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Cell Reselection
Process Overview
UE measures neighbour cells only when the
RSRP signal level is below some threshold
Measurements trigger

Measurements trigger is based primarily on

absolute priorities of serving and non serving
frequency layers (inter freq and inter RAT)

Different reselection cases

Evaluate cell reselection
depending on the priorities of the neighbour
criteria R frequency layers (inter-frequency
and inter-RAT)

Execute cell reselection

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Intra frequency cell reselection

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Intra frequency cell reselection
Triggering Measurements
When a UE is camped on a cell it looks for better candidate cells for reselection
according to sIntrasearch parameter:
If Srxlev > sIntraSearch : UE doesnt measure the neighbour cells
If Srxlev <= sIntraSearch : UE starts to measure neighbour cells on the same
frequency
Example:
LNCEL: sIntraSearch is 62 dB
LNCEL: qrxlevmin is -130 dBm
LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset is 0
pCompensation is 0

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - pcompensation

-130 dBm
Qrxlevmeas< - 68 dBm
UE will start to measure intra-frequency neighbours when RSRP is worse than
- 68 dBm

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Intra frequency cell reselection
R-Criterion (Ranking Criterion)
Once the measurements for neighbour cells have been triggered the UE will rank
the measured cells according to the R-Criterion
Rankserving cell = Measured RSRPserving cell + LNCEL:qHyst
Rankneighbour cell = Measured RSRPneighbour cell IAFIM:qOffsetCell
Re-selection if :
Rankneighbour cell > Rankserving cell for tReselEutr and
More than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving
cell

RSRP,n > RSRP,s +

qHyst +
qOffsetCell

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Intra Frequency cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (1/2)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
LNCEL sIntrasearch Defines the threshold (in 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - 62
dB) for intra-frequency
measurements
LNCEL qrxlevMin Minimum required RX -140...-44 dBm, step 2 dBm - -130
RSRP in the cell dBm
LNCEL qRxLevMinOffset Affects the minimum 2...16 dB, step 2 dB - -
required RX level in the
cell
LNCEL pMaxOwnCell Used to calculate -30...33 dBm, step 1 dBm - 33
Pcompensation
LNCEL qHyst Provides the hysteresis 0dB (0), 1dB (1), 2dB (2), 3dB (3), 4dB (4), 5dB - 1dB
value in dB for ranking (5), 6dB (6), 8dB (7), 10dB (8), 12dB (9), 14dB
criteria in the cell (10), 16dB (11), 18dB (12), 20dB (13), 22dB (14),
reselection procedure. 24dB (15)
LNCEL tReselEutr Cell reselection timer 0...7 s, step 1 s - 1
value

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Intra Frequency cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (2/2)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
IAFIM intrFrBCList Intra-frequency blacklisted cell list

IAFIM rangeIntraPci Number of PCIs in the range n4 (0), n8 (1), n12 (2), n16 (3), n24 (4), - n8
(including start PCI). Value n4 n32 (5), n48 (6), n64 (7), n84 (8), n96 (9),
corresponds with 4, n12 n128 (10), n168 (11), n252 (12), n504
corresponds with 12 and so on. (13), Not Used (14)
The UE applies value 1 if the field
is absent, in which case only the
physical cell identity value
indicated by start applies.
IAFIM startIntraPci Lowest PCI in the range 0...503, step 1 - 8

IAFIM intrFrNCList Intra-frequency neighbouring cell

list
IAFIM physCellIdNcl Unique cell identification in a 0...503, step 1 - -
neighbouring cell list
IAFIM qOffsetCell Cell-specific offset (in dB) that is -24 dB (0), -22 dB (1), -20 dB (2), , -6 0 dB 2dB
used in the cell reselection dB (9), -5 dB (10), -4 dB (11), -3 dB (12), (15)
procedure -2 dB (13), -1 dB (14), 0 dB (15), 1 dB
(16), 2 dB (17), 3 dB (18), 4 dB (19), 5
dB (20), 6 dB (21), ,20 dB (28), 22 dB
(29), 24 dB (30)

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Inter frequency cell reselection

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Inter frequency cell reselection
Triggering Measurements
Measurement trigger depends on the absolute priorities of the serving and non-
serving layers
The priority of the serving layer is defined in the parameter LNCEL:cellReSelPrio
For each neighbouring frequency/layer, it is necessary to define the corresponding
priority: IRFIM:eutCelResPrio (7 is highest priority, 0 is lowest)
For equal priority frequency layers it is possible to define an offset with
IRFIM:qOffFrq

If IRFIM:eutCelResPrio > LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then measurements of the

neighbour cell are mandatory

If IRFIM:eutCelResPrio <= LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then measurements are

performed when RSRP of serving cell is below sNonIntrsearch threshold:

Srxlev <= sNonIntrsearch

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Inter frequency cell reselection
Triggering Measurements
UE starts inter-frequency measurements when Srxlev <= sNonIntrSearch
sNonIntrsearch is a valid threshold for inter-frequency and inter-RAT
measurements
Example:
LNCEL: sNonIntrSearch is 12 dB
LNCEL: qRxLevMin is -130 dBm
LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset is 0
pCompensation is 0

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - pcompensation

-130 dBm
Qrxlevmeas <=-118 dBm
UE will start to measure inter-frequency neighbours when RSRP is worse than
-118 dBm

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Inter Frequency Reselection
R-criteria: Equal priority between layers
Similar to intra frequency

RSRP,n > RSRP,s +

qHyst + qOffset

A frequency-specific offset for equal priority E-UTRAN frequencies can be

considered:
Qoffset = qOffCell,n + qOffFreq
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Inter Frequency Reselection
R-criteria: Reselection to lower priority layers
If the neighbour cell layer has lower priority, the reselection will happen if:

Srxlevneighbour > IRFIM:interFrqThrL && Srxlevserving < LNCEL:threshSrvLow

Where:
Srxlevn = QrxlevMeasn IRFIM:qRxLevMinInterF P_compensation
Srxlevs= QrxlevMeass LNCEL:qRxLevMin + LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset
P_compensation

Qrxlevmeass < qRxLevMin + thresholdSrvLow qRxLevMinOffset +

P_compensation
AND
Qrxlevmeas n > qRxLevMinInterF + interFrqThrL + P_compensation

The criterias above have to be fullfilled during a time interval IRFIM:interTResEut

And the UE must have been camped in the current cell more than 1 sec.
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Inter frequency cell reselection
Example of reselection to lower priority

Inter frequency measurements LNCEL:qRxLevMin = -130 dBm

will be started at -118 dBm

LNCEL:sNonIntrSearch = 12

RSRP decreases -118 -130 -140

-120

Pcompensation =0
LNCEL:qRxLevMinOffset =0
LNCEL:threshSrvLow = 10

If suitable neighbour (*) cell is found, reselection will be

performed when RSRP decreases under -120 dBm
(*) suitable neighbour-> RSRPn > qRxLevMinInterF +interFreqThrL
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Inter Frequency Reselection
R-criteria: Reselection to higher priority layers
If the neighbouring cell layer has higher priority than the serving layer,
reselection will happen if:

Srxlevneighbour > IRFIM:interFrqThrH

Where:
Srxlevneighbour = Qrxlevmeas IRFIM:qRxLevMinInterF P_compensation

Qrxlevmeasneighbour > qRxLevMinInterF + interFrqThrH

(Assuming P_compensation = 0)

The criteria above must be satisfied for a time period equal to IRFIM: interTResEut
And the UE must have been camped in the current cell more than 1 sec.

interFrqThrH > interFrqThrL > threshSrvLow

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Inter Frequency cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (1/3)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
LNCEL sNonIntrsearch Defines the threshold (in dB) for inter-frequency 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - 2
and inter-RAT measurements
LNCEL qrxLevMin Minimum required RX RSRP in the serving cell -140...-44 dBm, step 2 - -130
dBm dBm
LNCEL qRxLevMinOffset Affects the minimum required RX level in the 2...16 dB, step 2 dB - -
serving cell
LNCEL pMaxOwnCell Used to calculate P_compensation -30...33 dBm, step 1 dBm - 33 dBm

LNCEL cellReSelPrio Absolute priority of the serving layer. 0 means 0...7, step 1 - 1
the lowest priority.
LNCEL threshSrvLow Threshold for the serving frequency used in 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - 2
reselection evaluation towards lower priority
EUTRAN frequency or RAT
Minimum required RX RSRP level for the intra-
-130
LNCEL qrxlevminintraF frequency neighbouring E-UTRA cells. -140...-44 dBm, step 2 dBm -
dBm
(Qrxlevmin in 36.304)
IRFIM qRxLevMinInterF Minimum required Rx RSRP level for the -140...-44 dBm, step 2 - -68 dBm
neighbouring EUTRA cells on this carrier dBm
frequency
IRFIM dlCarFrqEut eUTRAN frequency 0...65535, step 1 - -

IRFIM eutCelResPrio Absolute priority of the EUTRA carrier frequency 0...7, step 1 - 5

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Inter Frequency cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (2/3)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
IRFIM interFrqThrH Threshold used by the UE when reselecting 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - 34
towards a higher priority frequency X than the
currently serving frequency
IRFIM interFrqThrL Threshold used in reselection towards 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - 2
frequency X priority from a higher priority
frequency
IRFIM interTResEut EUTRA Cell Reselection Timer 0...7 s, step 1 s - 4

IRFIM intFrBCList Inter-frequency blacklisted cell list

IRFIM rangeInterPci Number of PCIs in the range (including start n4 (0), n8 (1), n12 (2), n16 - n4
PCI). Value n4 corresponds with 4, n12 (3), n24 (4), n32 (5), n48 (6),
corresponds with 12 and so on. The UE n64 (7), n84 (8), n96 (9),
applies value 1 if the field is absent, in which n128 (10), n168 (11), n252
case only the physical cell identity value (12), n504 (13)
indicated by start applies.
IRFIM startInterPci Lowest PCI in the range 0...503, step 1 - 200

IRFIM physCellIdNcl Unique cell identification in a neighbouring cell 0...503, step 1 -

list
IRFIM intFrNCList Inter-frequency neighbouring cell list

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Inter Frequency cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (3/3)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
IRFIM interPresAntP Used to indicate whether all the neighbouring - true
cells use Antenna Port 1. When set to TRUE, the
UE may assume that at least two cell-specific
antenna ports are used in all neighbouring cells.
IRFIM measBdw Maximum allowed measurement bandwidth 6mbw (0), 15mbw (1), - 50mbw
common for all neighbouring cells on a 25mbw (2), 50mbw (3),
carrier frequency. The values mbw6, mbw15, 75mbw (4), 100mbw (5)
mbw25, mbw50, mbw75, mbw100 indicate 6, 15,
25, 50, 75 and 100 resource blocks respectively.
IRFIM pMaxInterF Pmax to be used for the neighbouring E-UTRA -30...33 dBm, step 1 dBm - 10dBm
cells on this carrier frequency. If Pmax is absent,
the maximum power according to the UE
IRFIM qOffFrq Frequency-specific offset for equal priority E- -24 dB (0), -22 dB (1), -20 0dB (15) 1dB
UTRAN frequencies. dB (2), -6 dB (9), -5 dB
(10), -4 dB (11), -3 dB (12), -
2 dB (13), -1 dB (14), 0 dB
(15), 1 dB (16), , 20 dB
(28), 22 dB (29), 24 dB (30)
IRFIM qOffCell Cell-specific offset (in dB) that is used in the cell -24 dB (0), -22 dB (1), -20 - 2dB
reselection procedure. dB (2), , -1 dB (14), 0 dB
This specifies the offset between two cells. (15), 1 dB (16), 2 dB (17), 3
dB (18), ,20 dB (28), 22
dB (29), 24 dB (30)

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Inter RAT cell reselection

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Inter RAT cell reselection

Inter RAT cell reselection is idle mode mobility from LTE to another radio access
technology (RAT), e.g. WCDMA or GSM

UFFIM is the managed object class for idle mode parameters LTE to WCDMA:
UFFIM parameters are broadcasted in the SIB6

GFIM/GNFL are the managed object classes for idle mode parameters LTE to
GSM:
GFIM/GNFL parameters are broadcasted in the SIB7

LNBTS LNBTS
LNCEL LNCEL
GFIM
UFFIM
GNFL
UFFIM: UTRA Frequency Idle Mode Parameters
GFIM: GERAN Frequency Idle Mode Parameters
Soc Classification level GNFL: GERAN Neighbours Frequency List
73 Nokia Siemens Networks
Inter RAT cell reselection
Measurements Trigger
IRAT cell reselection procedure and related parameters are similar to those for
inter frequency cell reselection

Similar to the inter frequency case, there is the priority concept (7 is highest
priority, 0 is lowest):
The priority of serving cell is defined with LNCEL:cellReSelPrio
The priority of the neighbouring cell is defined:
For WCDMA: UFFIM: uCelResPrio
For GSM: GFIM: gCelResPrio

If UFFIM: uCelResPrio/GFIM: gCelResPrio > LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then

measurements of the neighbour WCDMA/GSM cell are mandatory

If UFFIM: uCelResPrio/GFIM: gCelResPrio <LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then

measurements are performed when RSRP of serving cell is below
Snonintrasearch threshold (same as per inter-frequency):
Srxlev <= SNonIntrsearch
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Inter RAT cell reselection
R-criteria
Reselection to a higher priority RAT will happen if:

WCDMA: Srxlevneighbour > UFFIM:utraFrqThrH

GSM: Srxlevneighbour > GFIM:gerFrqThrH

Reselection to a lower priority RAT will happen if:

WCDMA: GSM:
Srxlevneighbour > UFFIM:utraFrqThrL && Srxlevneighbour > GFIM:gerFrqThrL &&
Srxlevserving < LNCEL:threshSrvLow Srxlevserving < LNCEL:threshSrvLow

utraFrqThrH > utraFrqThrL > threshSrvLow gerFrqThrH > gerFrqThrL > threshSrvLow

The criterias above have to be fullfilled during a time interval UFFIM:tResUtra

for WCDMA and GFIM:tResGer for GSM

And the UE must have been camped in the current cell more than 1 sec.
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Inter RAT cell reselection
R-criteria
Srxlevneighbour is referred to the candidate cell:

GSM: Srxlevneighbour = QrxlevMeas Qrxlevmin P_compensation

Where:
QrxlevMeas = RSSI
Qrxlevmin = GNFL:qRxLevMinGer

UMTS: Srxlev = QrxlevMeas Qrxlevmin P_compensation

Where:
QrxlevMeas = CPICH RSCP
Qrxlevmin = UFFIM:qRxLevMinUtra
Additionally Squal > 0 required for UMTS FDD
Squal = QrxlevMeas Qqualmin
Qrxlevmeas = CPICH Ec/No
Qqualmin = UFFIM:qQualMinUtra

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LTE 3G cell reselection, signalling example

UE is
in LTE

UE is
in 3G

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Inter-RAT cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (1/3)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
LNCEL sNonIntrsearch Defines the threshold (in dB) for inter-frequency 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - 2
and inter-RAT measurements
LNCEL qrxLevMin Minimum required RX RSRP in the serving cell -140...-44 dBm, step 2 - -130
dBm dBm
LNCEL qRxLevMinOffset Affects the minimum required RX level in the 2...16 dB, step 2 dB -
serving cell
LNCEL pMaxOwnCell Used to calculate P_compensation -30...33 dBm, step 1 dBm - 33 dBm

LNCEL cellReSelPrio Absolute priority of the serving layer. 0 means 0...7, step 1 - 1
the lowest priority.
LNCEL threshSrvLow Threshold for the serving frequency used in 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - 2
reselection evaluation towards lower priority
EUTRAN frequency or RAT
UFFIM tResUtra UTRA cell reselection timer 0...7, step 1 - -

UFFIM utrFddCarFrqL List of UTRA FDD carrier frequencies - -

UFFIM dlCarFrqUtra DL Utra frequency 0...16383, step 1 - -

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Inter-RAT cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (2/3)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
UFFIM pMaxUtra UTRA Maximum Allowed Transmit Power -50...33 dBm, step 1 dBm - -

UFFIM qQualMinUtra minimum required quality level in the cell in dB. -24...0 dB, step 1 dB - -
Not applicable to TDD cells or GSM cells or E-
UTRA cells
UFFIM qRxLevMinUtra minimum required RX level in the cell in dBm -119...-25 dBm, step 2 dBm - -

UFFIM uCelResPrio Absolute priority of the UTRA carrier frequency 0...7, step 1 -
Equal priorities between RATs are not
supported according to [3GPP 36.304].
UFFIM utraFrqThrH Threshold used by the UE when reselecting 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - -
towards a higher priority frequency X than the
current serving frequency
UFFIM utraFrqThrL Threshold used in reselection towards the 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - -
frequency X priority from a higher priority
frequency
GFIM tResGer GERAN cell reselection timer 0...7 s, step 1 s - -

GNFL bandInd Indicator to distinguish the GERAN frequency gsm1800 (0), gsm1900 (1) - -
band in case of ARFCN values associated with
either GSM 1800 or GSM 1900 carriers

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Inter-RAT cell Reselection
Parameter Summary (3/3)
MOC Parameter Description Range and step Default GMC
Name value Value
GNFL gCelResPrio Absolute priority of the GERAN carrier frequency 0...7, step 1 - -
Equal priorities between RATs are not supported
according to [3GPP 36.304].
GNFL gerArfcnVal Each ARFCN value explicitly listed 0...1023, step 1 - -

GNFL gerFrqThrH Threshold used by the UE when reselecting 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - -
towards a higher priority frequency X than the
currently serving frequency
GNFL gerFrqThrL Threshold used in reselection towards frequency 0...62 dB, step 2 dB - -
X priority from a higher priority frequency
GNFL pMaxGer Maximum allowed transmission power for 0...39 dBm, step 1 dBm - -
GERAN on an uplink carrier frequency.
Applicable for the neighbouring GERAN cells on
this carrier frequency.
If pmaxGERAN is absent, the maximum power
according to the UE capability is used.
GNFL qRxLevMinGer Minimum required RX level in the cell in dBm -115...-25 dBm, step 2 dBm - -

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Example Idle Mode Parameter settings
Priorities, triggering conditions
MOC Parameter Value Comments
LNCEL sIntraSearch 62
LNCEL sNonIntrSearch 16
LNCEL qrxLevMin -130 dBm
LNCEL Qhyst 3 dB
LNCEL threshSrvLow 10
LNCEL tReselEutr 1s
LNCEL cellReSelPrio 7 LTE2600 layer
IAFIM qOffCell 0 dB
IRFIM interFrqThrH 22 Relative to IFFIM:qRxLevMinInterF
IRFIM interFrqThrL 20 Relative to IFFIM:qRxLevMinInterF
IRFIM qRxLevMinInterF -130 dBm
IRFIM interTResEutr 1s
IRFIM eutCellResPrio 6 LTE1800 layer
UFFIM utraFrqThrL 10 Relative to UFFIM:qRxLevMinUtra
UFFIM utraFrqThrL 10 Relative to UFFIM:qRxLevMinUtra
UFFIM tResUtra 1s
UFFIM ucelResPrio 5 WCDMA layer
UFFIM qRxLevMinUtra -119 dBm

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LTE 2600, absolute priority 7 qrxLevMin = -130 dBm
Idle mode reselection sIntraSearch = 62

sNonIntrSearch = 16
RSRP decreases

-68 -114 -130 -140

When RSRP < -68 dBm UE starts When RSRP < -114 dBm UE starts to
to measure intra-freq neighbours measure on LTE1800 and WCDMA

LNCEL:Qhyst = 3dB LNCEL:threshSrvLow = 10 LNCEL:threshSrvLow = 10

IAFIM: qOffestCell = 0dB
Reselection to other LTE2600 cell
will happen:
1. When neighbour is 3dB better
than serving
2. For a time
LNCEL:tReselEutr = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has
elapsed since the UE camped
in the currrent cell
Rn > Rs + qoff + hys
IRFIM:interFrqThrL = 20
IRFIM:qRxLevMinInterF= -130dBm
Reselection to LTE1800 cell will
happen:
1. When serving is below -120dBm
AND LTE1800 neighbours RSRP is
better than -110 dBm
2. For a time
IRFIM:intertResEutr = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed
since the UE camped in the
current cell
UFFIM:utraFrqThrL = 10
UFFIM:qRxLevMinUtra= -119 dBm
If no suitable LTE1800 cell found, then
reselection to WCDMA will happen
1. When serving cell is below -120
dBm and neighbouring WCDMA cell
RSCP > -109 dBm
2. For a time UFFIM:tResUtra = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed
since the UE camped in the current
cell

Srxlev, n > qRxLevMinInter/Utra + interFrqThrhL

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Srxlev, s < qRxLevMin + threshSrvLow
Exercise
Idle mode reselection, priorities
Previous slide shows, for the case of LTE 2600 cells, when reselection to another
LTE2600 cell, to LTE1800 cells and to 3G cells would happen based on the
example settings given.

Similarly, indicate for the case of LTE1800 when reselection would happen to:

Other LTE 1800 cells (intra frequency reselection)

LTE2600 cells (inter frequency reselection)
3G (inter RAT reselection)

Note1: You can use previous slide (for LTE2600) as a template

Note: Consider that LTE1800 has priority 6

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Example of Idle Mode Parameter Settings
Compilation of real cases
Values should be used as
examples rather than a
reference as it is likely they
are not optimized

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Testing notes
Terminals and Measurement Tools (Jan2012)
Nemo is better than XCAL as it provides more information. XCAL also requires a
license upgrade to support Qualcomm chipset
Terminals:
ZTE MF820 with the following SW/FW
Firmware : BD_ZTE_MF820V1.0.0.0B12
Software : PCW_TEAGLBLTEP18EMV1.0.0B15
Cost: 265 EUR
ZTE poor performance:
When 2 LTE layers (LTE1800 and LTE2600) it camps on LTE1800 even if parameters
are set to camp in LTE2600
Frequent crashes
Difficult communication with ZTE
Bandrich UE (C501, Qualcomm chipset):
Requires engineering mode to see L3 messages (2600 eur vs. 140 eur normal mode).
Known issues: https://twiki.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/bin/view/LTESyVe/BandrichC501
Inter frequency HO not supported
Idle Mode IRAT between LTE and GSM not supported

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