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A serial bit stream in electrical form is presented to a modulator, which encodes the data
appropriately for fibre transmission.
A light source (laser or Light Emitting Diode - LED) is driven by the modulator and the light
focused into the fibre.
The light travels down the fibre (during which time it may experience dispersion and loss of
strength).
At the receiver end the light is fed to a detector and converted to electrical form.
The signal is then amplified and fed to another detector, which isolates the individual state
changes and their timing. It then decodes the sequence of state changes and reconstructs
the original bit stream.1
The timed bit stream so received may then be fed to a using device.
LIGHT THEORY
I. The Nature of Light
Light is usually described in one of three ways:
1. Rays,
In the classical physics that many of us learned at school, light consisted of rays that
could be reflected and refracted through mirrors and prisms etc. This is a good description
as far as it goes but it cannot explain many of the phenomena we make use of in optical
communications..
2. Electromagnetic Waves,
In the context of optical communications, most of the time it will be found that the best
way of regarding light is to think of it as an electromagnetic wave. In this view it is no
different from a radio wave except that the wavelength is much shorter!
3. Photons
In many contexts light behaves as though it consists of tiny particles called photons.
There are a number of phenomena that the wave model of light can't explain. The best
known of these is the photoelectric effect.
1. Light as an
Electromagnetic
Wave
One way of thinking about light is to conceive of it as an electromagnetic wave just like a
radio wave. Indeed, the word like here is a problem. Light and radio waves are not
really like one another. They are exactly the same thing! The only difference is the
wavelength.
An electromagnetic wave consists of two fields. An electric field and a magnetic field.
Both of these fields have a direction and a strength (or amplitude). Within the
electromagnetic wave the two fields (electric and magnetic) are oriented at precisely 90
to one another.
2. Polarisation
It is clear that any electromagnetic wave that is oriented between what we have called
vertical and horizontal can be resolved as two components (one in each of the
orthogonal directions).
The orientation of the electromagnetic field is referred to as polarisation. The
established convention when discussing polarisation of electromagnetic fields is to refer
to the direction of the electric field with respect to some plane or boundary towards
which the wave is headed. At any instant in time the fields are oriented in a particular
direction (vertical or horizontal or somewhere in between).
However, the field orientations can also change over time and we get what are called
circular and elliptical polarisations. These polarisations occur when the moving fields
rotate during their travel. Circular polarisation results when the direction of the electric
field rotates through 360 during one wavelength. Of course the associated magnetic
field rotates with it.
3. Interference
An optical fibre is a very thin strand of silica glass in geometry quite like a human hair. In
reality it is a very narrow, very long glass cylinder with special characteristics. When light
enters one end of the fibre it travels (confined within the fibre) until it leaves the fibre at
the other end. Two critical factors stand out:
1. Very little light is lost in its journey along the fibre.
2. Fibre can bend around corners and the light will stay within it and be guided around
the corners
As shown in Figure , an optical fibre consists of two parts: the core and the cladding.
The core is a narrow cylindrical strand of glass and the cladding is a tubular jacket
surrounding it. The core has a (slightly) higher refractive index than the cladding. This
means that the boundary (interface) between the core and the cladding acts as a perfect
mirror. Light travelling along the core is confined by the mirror to stay within it - even
when the fibre bends around a corner.
Structure of Optic Fiber
core
cladding coating
Core (Inti)
Cladding (lapisan)
Coating (jaket)
a. Ciri-ciri umum :
Berbeda dengan kabel metalik, kabel serat optik ukurannya
kecil, kurang lebih 3 cm, dan lebih ringan sehingga instalasi
kabel serat optik dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa span
secara sekaligus.
Panjang kabel serat optik dalam haspel dapat mencapai 2
sampai dengan 4 km.
Cable type Diameter (mm) Weight (kg)
Dilihat cara penempatan core di dalam kabel, ada 2 (dua) jenis kabel optik,
yaitu:
Serat optik ditempatkan di dalam pipa longgar (loose tube) yang terbuat dari
bahan PBTP (Polybutylene terepthalete) serta berisi jelly.
Saat ini sebuah kabel optik maksimum mempunyai 8 loose tube dan
masing-masing loose tube berisi 12 serat optik.
Serat optik ditempatkan pada alur (slot) didalam silinder yang terbuat dari
bahan PE (polyethylene), pada saat ini telah dibuat di Jepang kabel jenis
slot dengan kapasitas 1000 serat dan 3000 serat.
Penampang Kabel Optik Jenis Loose Tube
Penampang Kabel Optik Jenis Slot
1) Konstruksi Dasar Kabel Duct
2) Konstruksi Dasar Kabel Tanah Tanam Langsung
3) Konstruksi Dasar Kabel Atas Tanah
4) Konstruksi Dasar Kabel Rumah (2 s/d 6 core)
4) Flooding gel
Terbuat dari bahan campuran petroleum, synthetic dan silicon
yang mempunyai sifat anti air.
Merupakan bahan pengisi yang digunakan pada kabel optik
agar kabel menjadi padat.
5) PE Sheath
Terbuat dari bahan polyethylene
Berfungsi sebagai penutup bagian central strength member.
2) Aluran (slot)
Terbuat dari bahan polyethylene
Berfungsi untuk menempatkan sejumlah serat.
Untuk kabel optik jenis slot dengan kapasitas 1000 serat,
diperlukan 13 aluran (slot) dan 1 slot berisi 10 fiber ribbons.
Satu fiber ribbon berisi 8 serat.
Micro bending
Fiber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Count (Biru) (Oranye) (Hijau) (Coklat) (Abu-abu) (Putih) (Merah) (Hitam)
24 4 4 4 Quad/Filler 4 4 4 Quad/Filler
24 6 Filler 6 Quad/Filler 6 Filler 6 Quad/Filler
24 12 Filler Filler Quad/Filler 12 Filler Filler Quad/Filler
36 6 6 6 Quad/Filler 6 6 6 Quad/Filler
36 12 12 Filler Quad/Filler 12 Filler 12 Quad/Filler
48 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
48 12 Filler 12 Quad/Filler 12 Filler 12 Quad/Filler
60 12 12 Filler Quad/Filler 12 12 12 Quad/Filler
72 12 12 12 Quad/Filler 12 12 12 Quad/Filler
84 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Quad/Filler
96 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
1 2 3 4 5 6
Biru Oranye/ Hijau Coklat Abu-abu Putih
Jingga
7 8 9 10 11 12
Merah Hitam Kuning Ungu Pink Toska
f. Tanda Pengenal Kabel Optik
Kabel Optik harus diberi tanda pengenal yang tidak mudah hilang
yang tertera pada kulit kabel di sepanjang kabel.
Adapun tanda pengenal tersebut meliputi:
- Nama pabrik pembuat
- Tahun pembuatan
* Struktur Penguat :
- SS = Solid Steel Core
- WS = Stranded Wire Steel
- GRP = Glass Reinforced Plastic
Panjang tanda pengenal kabel termasuk nama pabrik dan tahun pembuatan adalah
satu meter.
Contoh: SM-D-LT SS 6-3X2 2Q
A. Power Budget
The power arriving at the detector must be sufficient to allow clean detection
with few errors. Clearly, the signal at the receiver must be larger than the noise.
The power at the detector, Pr, must be above the threshold level or receiver
sensitivity Ps.
The receiver sensitivity Ps is the signal power, in dBm, at the receiver that
results in a particular bit error rate (BER). Typically the BER is chosen to be one
error in 109 bits or 109.
This equation is used to determine the required system rise time. The
appropriate components are then selected to meet the system rise time
requirements. The relationship between total system rise time and component
rise time is given by
where ts is the total system rise time and tr1, tr2, ... are the rise times associated
with the various components.
To simplify matters, divide the system into five groups:
1. Transmitting circuits (ttc)
2. LED or laser (tL)
3. Fiber dispersion (tf)
4. Photodiode (tph)
5. Receiver circuits (trc)
The system rise time can then be expressed as
The system bandwidth can then be calculated using Equation above from the total rise
time ts as given in
Electrical and Optical Bandwidth
Electrical bandwidth (BWel) is defined as the frequency at which the ratio
current out/current in (Iout/Iin ) drops to 0.707. (Analog systems are usually
specified in terms of electrical bandwidth.)
Optical bandwidth (BWopt) is the frequency at which the ratio power out/power
in (Pout/Pin ) drops to 0.5.
Because Pin and Pout are directly proportional to Iin and Iout (not I 2 in and I 2 out ),
the half-power point is equivalent to the half-current point. This results in a BWopt
that is larger than the Bwel as given in Equation
C. Connectors
Many types of connectors are available for fiber optics, depending on the
application. The most popular are:
Star couplers
Transmissive type
Optical signals sent into a mixing block are available at all output fibers. Power is
distributed evenly. For an n n star coupler (n-inputs and n-outputs), the power
available at each output fiber is 1/n the power of any input fiber.
The output power from a star coupler is simply
The power division in decibels gives the number of decibels apparently lost in
the coupler from single input fiber to single fiber output. Excess power loss
(Lossex) is the power lost from input to total output, as given in Equation
Note:
Core
It is made by high quality of glass (Cwarsa).
It is main of optica fibre, since the light propagate in core.
It has diameter (10 mm ~ 50 mm). Size of core will influenze
optic fibre characteristic.
Cladding
It is made by glass (Silica) which has less refractive index
than core
It is surrounding core.
The refractive index between core and index will influence
critical angle, and light propagating.
Coating
It is made by plastic
To protect optic fibre
Types of Optic Fiber
1. Step index multimode.
2. Step index single mode.
3. Graded index
Graded-index fiber is a compromise between the large core diameter and N.A.
of multimode fiber and the higher bandwidth of single-mode fiber. With
creation of a core whose index of refraction decreases parabolically from the
core center toward the cladding, light traveling through the center of the fiber
experiences a higher index than light traveling in the higher modes. This
means that the higher-order modes travel faster than the lower-order modes,
which allows them to catch up to the lower-order modes, thus decreasing the
amount of modal dispersion, which increases the bandwidth of the fiber.
FIBER OPTIC LOSS CALCULATIONS
Loss in a system can be expressed as the following:
where Pin is the input power to the fiber and Pout is the power
available at the output of the fiber. For convenience, fiber optic
loss is typically expressed in terms of decibels (dB) and can be
calculated using.
TRANSMISSION WINDOWS
Optical fiber transmission uses wavelengths that are in the near-infrared
portion of the spectrum, just above the visible, and thus undetectable
to the unaided eye. Typical optical transmission wavelengths are 850
nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm. Both lasers and LEDs are used to transmit
light through optical fiber. Lasers are usually used for 1310- or 1550-nm
single-mode applications. LEDs are used for 850- or 1300-nm multimode
applications.
Determine :
1. eachBandwidth
2. Each Frequency