B1 Intro Noise

SKEE 3533
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Nadiatulhuda Zulkifli, PhD, nadia@fke.utm.my
P19- Level 3 (Workspace Room)
Course Outline:
1.50% Coursework
a. 20% Tests 1 & 2
Test 1, 12 October 2016 AM & FM
Test 2, 30 November 2016 Pulse Modulation
b. 10% Matlab Assignment
c. 15% Case study summary assignment
d. 5% Attendance & Quizzes
(instructions) (rubric matlab) (rubric paper)
2. 50% Final exam

a. <80% attendance barred from attending exam
Notes:
1.Details on the topics for tests and assignments are in the e-learning
website. Assignment rubrics and Turnitin report must be submitted too.
2. Books: Pn Syukie Makmal Perhubungan Asas (35303)
1.0 Introduction
How do you want to send data/information to

someone who is far from you?
If the information that you want to send is your

voice, how to make sure that what you are
saying is understood by your friend?
What is the source and technology available

surround you that can help?
3
Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.1 Communication System History
1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.
1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada Ireland)
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
1888 Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of EM waves.
1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph.
1906 Radio communication system was invented.
1923 Television was invented.
1938 Radar and microwave system was invented for World War II.
1950 TDM was invented.
1956 First telephone cable was installed across Atlantic.
1960 Laser was invented
1962 Satellite communication More current
1969 Internet DARPA Development
1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber.
1975 Digital telephone was introduced.
1985 Facsimile machine.
1988 Installation of fiber optic cable across Pacific and Atlantic.
1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
1998 Digital Television.
4
o International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
is the UN specialized agency for ICTs
o ITU-T produces international standards
known as ITU-T Recommendations
o Started in 1865
o Standards are critical to the global interoperability of ICTs
o Standards enable global communications by ensuring that
countries ICT networks and devices are speaking the same
language (whether we exchange voice, video or data messages)
5
1.2 Communication System
Communication system Process of sending information
signal from one point to another point - involves 3 important
processes ie:
Transmission
Receiving
Processing
Eg: Telegraphy, telephony, facsimile, radio, satellite, optical
fiber system, cellular mobile.
mtx(t) mrx(t)
s(t) Input Comm Output r(t)
Transducer System Transducer
Fig. 1.1 Basic communication system
6
1.3 Basic Communication System
wired / wireless
mtx(t) ptx(t) prx(t) mrx(t)
Input Transmitter
Transmission Output
Receiver
Transducer Medium Transducer
s(t) r(t)
Noise n(t)
s(t) Input signal; audio, video, image, data etc.

mtx(t) Modulating signal; input signal that has been converted to electrical
signal.
ptx(t) Modulated signal transmitted by the transmitter.
n(t) Noise signal.
prx(t) Modulated signal received by the receiver.
mrx(t) Modulating signal at the receiver.
r(t) Output signal.
7
1.3.1 Component Function in Basic
Communication System
Input Transducer convert input signal, s(t) in electrical forms. eg:
microphone.
Transmitter involve modulation process convert modulating signal,

mtx(t) to modulated signal, ptx(t). And finally transmit the signal.
Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiver

that enable the modulated signal, ptx(t) propagate through the medium.
Receiver receive the modulated signal, prx(t) and then convert the
signal to modulating signal, mrx(t) through the process called
demodulation.
Output Transducer convert the modulating signal, mrx(t) to its

original forms (output signal), r(t) that is useful to the users. eg: loud
speaker.
8
Analog vs Digital Systems
ANALOG DIGITAL
Signal processed is analog, Information signal can be digital

takes any value within a range or analogue signal (through A/D
conversion), takes limited no. of
values
An audio amplifier produces an
output voltage which can be
any value within the range of its A computer is a digital system
power supply. contains logic gates that takes
two values; true or false
More sensitive to noise as noise Noise is easier to distinguish as
is harder to be distinguished the desired signals can take
from the desired signal only specific values
1.4 Signal Classification
Continuous-time and discrete-time
Continuous: The signal can be described by functions of a continuous time
e.g. x(t) = e|t| , for <t<
Discrete: Signals are defined only at discrete values of time
e.g. x(tn) = e|tn| , for n=0,1,2..
Analog and digital

Analog: Signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continuous range
Digital: Signal with finite values of amplitude
Periodic and Aperiodic

Periodic : x(t)=x(t+To), the smallest value of To is the period of x(t)
Aperiodic: x(t) no repetition, eg: audio signal
10
g(t) g(t)
t
Analog, continuous-time Digital, continuous-time
g(t) g(t)
Analog, discrete-time Digital, discrete-time
11
Aperiodic signal: Unit pulse signal Periodic signal: A sinusoidal signal
An example of a periodic signal is a sinusoidal signal:
x(t ) A sin( 2f ot )
0 2f 0 ; T0 2 1
0 f0
sin (x+y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
2 2
x(t ) A sin 0 (t ) A sin( 0t 2 )
0 0
Asin( 0t ) cos(2 ) cos(0t ) sin( 2 )
But cos(2 ) =1 and sin(2 )=0 2

x(t ) A sin( 0t ) x(t )
0
12
1.4.1 Harmonic signal
-A harmonic is a signal whose frequency
is an integral multiple of the frequency of
a reference signal.
-If f is the fundamental frequency, the 2nd

harmonic has frequency 2f, 3rd has 3f etc
-Nearly all signals have energy at harmonic

frequencies in addition to the fundamental
13
14
1.5 Transmission Medium (Guided)
Kabel Terpiuh (Twisted pair)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Kabel Sepaksi (Coaxial)
Kabel Gentian Optik (Fiber Optic)

Singlemode step index
Multimode step index
Multimode graded index
Pandu Gelombang (Waveguide)
15
1.6 Transmission Medium (Unguided)
Ruang Bebas (Free Space)
16
Representative
applications
Transmission
Propagation
designations
17
Frequency
Wavelength
modes
Frequency
media
Optical Fiber
Laser beam
1015Hz
1.7 Frequency Spectrum
Ultraviolet
10-6m
Wideband data
Visible
Infrared
1014Hz
Extra High Satellite-satellite 1G0Hz
Frequency Microwave relay
EHF Earth-satellite
Waveguide
1cm
Line-of-sight
Super High Radar 10GHz

Frequency
radio
SHF
10cm
Broadband PCS
Ultra High Wireless communication 1GHz
Frequency Cellular, Pager
UHF
UHF TV
1m
Very High Mobil and Aeronautical

Frequency
VHF TV and FM 100MHz
Coaxial Cable
VHF
10m
Skywave
High Mobil radio
radio
Frequency
CB radio 10MHz
100m
HF
Amateur radio
Medium
Frequency
AM broadcasting 1MHz
MF
1km
Groundwave
Low
100kHz
radio
Frequency
Aeronautical
10km
LF
Submarine cable
Twisted Pair
Very Low Navigation
Cable
Frequency Transoceanic radio 10kHz
100km
VLF
Audio Telephone
Telegraph
1kHz
1.8 Communication System Efficiency
We can measure the level of efficiency of communication system
through several ways:
How close the received signal to the transmitted input signal?
s(t), r(t) ; Needs high quality of transmission.
s(t) Analog Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

s(t) Digital Bit Error rate (BER).

How much power needed to transmit modulated signal?
Low power; Lifespan of a battery is longer.
High power; Lifespan of a battery is shorter.
How much Bandwidth, BW is needed to transmit the modulated
signal?
Low BW application means more users can share the
communication medium
How much signal or signal size needs to transmit?
Analog system depends on s(t) BW.
Digital system depends on BW and bit rate, bit/s. 18
1.8.1 Obstacle to Communication System
Technology Problem
Hardware
Economy
Law and Regulation
Physical Problems
BW
Signal Power
Noise
19
1.8.2 Types of Transmission
Simplex
One way transmission
Half-Duplex
Two way transmission but only one user can transmit the
signal at one time.
Full-Duplex
Two way transmission, both users can transmit the signal at
the same time.
20
HOMEWORKS
1.Describe Thermal noise and shot noise.

2.Show the equations of thermal noise power and voltage
3.Derive total noise figure and noise temperature for cascaded
amplifiers with three stages (Refer to diagram in slide 31)
1. What is the total NF if each amplifier has NF of 3 dB and
gain of 10 dB (Answer: 3.2 dB)
2. What is the new NF if the amplifier gains are decreased
from 10 to 3 dB (Answer: 4.38 dB)
3. Next, what is the new total NF if the first stage was a
lossy medium with loss of 3 dB (Answer: 6.97 dB)
21
1.9 Noise
In practice, we cannot avoid the existence of

unwanted signal together with the modulated signal
transmitted by the transmitter.
This unwanted signal is called noise.
Noise is a random signal that exists in a
communication system.
Random signal cannot be represented with a simple
equation.
The existence of noise will degrade the level of
quality of the receive signal at the receiver.
22
1.9.1 Types of noise
An undesired disturbance within the frequency band of interest; the summation
of unwanted or disturbing energy introduced into a communications system
from man-made and natural sources.
A disturbance that affects a signal and that may distort the information carried
by the signal.
Noise
Internal Noise External Noise
Interference within a device or Man-made noise and

electronic circuit natural resources
Thermal noise/Johnson noise Lightning
Random movement of Solar noise
electrons within a conductor
due to thermal agitation Ignition
Shot noise Crosstalk
Random arrival of carriers
(electrons and holes) at the
output element of an electronic 23
device e.g. diode, transistor Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.9.2 Noise Effect
Degrade system performance for both analog and
digital systems.
The receiver cannot understand the original signal.
The receiver cannot function as it should be.
Reduce the efficiency of communication system.
24
1.9.3 Thermal Noise
Thermal noise is the Electronic noise - generated by the thermal
agitation of the charge carriers (the electrons) inside an electrical
conductor in equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied
voltage.
Movement of the electrons will form kinetic energy in the conductor

related to the temperature of the conductor.
When the temperature increases the movement of free electrons will

increase and the current flows through the conductor.
Current flows due to the free electrons will create noise voltage, n(t).
Noise voltage, n(t) is influenced by the temperature and therefore it is

called thermal noise.
Also known as Johnson noise or white noise or Nyquist noise.
25
This type of noise was first measured by John B. Johnson at Bell Labs in 1928. He described his
findings to Harry Nyquist, also at Bell Labs, who was able to explain the results.
In 1928, J. B. Johnson proved that noise power generated is

proportional to the temperature and the BW.
Pn TB
Pn kTB Watt
where
Pn = noise power (Watt)
k = Boltzmanns constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Temperature (K)
B = BW spectrum system (Hz)
Noise power can be modeled using voltage equivalent circuit (Thevenin

equivalent circuit) or current equivalent circuit (Norton equivalent circuit)
26
It can be modeled by a voltage source representing the noise of the non-ideal
resistor in series with an ideal noise free resistor.
Vn, Noise
voltage source
Rn, Noise
=
source Rn, noise
free
(a) Noise source circuit (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit
Noise source will be connected to a system with the input resistance RL.
Therefore, total noise power is Pn.
With the concept of maximum power transfer i.e when Rn = RL all the
power will be transferred to the load.
Also called as impedance matching.
27
Vn, Noise
voltage source
VL RL, system input
Rn, Noise resistance
free
(c) Thevenin equivalent circuit with the load

Given Rn RL R
Note: Vn = Vrms
Voltage across RL :
=> Vn2
RL 2 kTB
VL Vn Vn 4R
Rn RL VL2 2 Vn2 Vn2 4kTBR
=> PL
Vn R R 4R
Vn 4kTBR
2 and Pn PL kTB
28
1.9.4 How to determine noise level in
communication system?
Noise effect can be determined by measuring:
- Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR for analog system
- probability of error / bit error rate, BER for digital system
To determine the quality of received signal at the receiver or an

antenna, SNRi is used.
SNR o is always less than SNRi , due to the facts that the
existence of noise in the receiver itself. In the receiver usually
constitute a process of filtering, demodulation and
amplification.
Other parameters that can be used are Noise Factor, F and

Noise Temperature, Te .
29
1.10 Noise Calculation
SNR is a ratio of signal power, S to noise power, N.
S
SNR 10 log dB
N
Noise Factor, F
Si N i
F
So N o
Noise Figure, NF NF 10 log F

Si N i
10 log dB
So N o
30
1.10.1 Noise calculation in Amplifier
To simplify the analysis the following noise model is used.
- Amplifier with noise (Noisy Amp.)
G
Ni
Na
No
No GNNi N a GG( Ni NNai )
i
o
Nai
Noisy Amplifier
where N ai
Na and Pn Ni kTi B
G

31
1.10.2 Analysis Amplifier Noise
Si
Ni+Nai
G So
No
(1) So GSi
N o GN i N ai
Si SNRo SNRi
(2) SNR Ni
i

SNRo GSi (3) We have:
G N i N ai N i kTi B and N ai kTe B
N N ai
i kTe B
Ni => F 1
N ai kTi B
1
Ni Noise Factor: Noise Temperature:
Te F 1Ti
N ai Te
F 1 F 1
Ni Ti 32
1.10.3 Cascaded Connection
In communication system cascaded connection is commonly
used:
Below is the example of cascaded connection.
antenna
F1 , Te1 F3 , Te3
Si S1 S2
Ni N1 N2
G1 G3 So
Ti F2 , G2 , Te2
Nai1 Nai2 Nai3 No
pre-amplifier demodulator amplifier
33
Level 1: Si F1 , Te1 Level 2:
Ni S1 S1 S2
G1 F2 , G2 , Te2
Ti N1 N1 N2
Nai1 Nai2
S 2 G2 S1
S1 G1Si
N1 G1 N i N ai1 G1G2 Si
G1kTi B G1kTe1 B N 2 G2 N1 N ai 2
G1kBTi Te1 G1G2 N i N ai1 G2 N ai 2
G1G2 kTi B G1G2 kTe1 B G2 kTe 2 B
Level 3: G1G2 kBTi Te1 G2 kTe 2 B
F3 , Te3
S 0 G3 S 2
S2
G3 So
N2
Nai3 No
G1G2G3 Si
N o G3 N 2 N ai3
G2G3 N1 N ai 2 G3 N ai3
G1G2G3kTi B G1G2G3kTe1 B G2G3kTe 2 B G3kTe3 B
G1G2G3kBTi Te1 G2G3kTe 2 B G3kTe3 B
34
SNRi
Ftot
SNRo
Si
Ni

So
No
Si
kTi B

G1G2G3 S i
G1G2G3 kBTi Te1 G2G3 kTe 2 B G3 kTe 3 B
G1G2G3 kBTi Te1 G2G3 kTe 2 B G3 kTe 3 B

G1G2G3 kTi B
Ti Te1 T Te 3
e2
Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
Te1 T Te 3
1 e2
Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
We have:
T
F 1 e
Therefore:
Ftot F1
F2 1 F3 1
Ti G1 G1G2 35
To calculate Noise Temperature: From: Te F 1Ti
We have:
Ftot F1
F2 1 F3 1
G1 G1G2
Te 2 T
1 1 1 e 3 1
Tetot Te1 Ti Ti
1 1
Ti Ti G1 G1G2
Tetot Te1 Te 2 Te 3

Ti Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
Te 2 Te 3
Tetot Te1
G1 G1G2
Friss formula: F2 1 F3 1 Fn 1
Ftot F
1 ...
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1
Te 2 Te3 Tn
Tetot Te1 ...
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1
36
Friss formula: F2 1 F3 1 Fn 1
Ftot F
1 ...
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1
Te 2 Te3 Tn
Tetot Te1 ...
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1
CAUTION!!!!!!!!!!!
-To use Friss Formula, Ti has to be a common
value at all stages..
( FTi2 9 0 1)Ti 290
F290 1
Ti 290
AWARE!!!!!!!!!!!
-This formula works in linear.
-Values e.g. SNR, F, loss, gain etc are normally
given in dB! (need to convert to linear first)
37
EXAMPLE: pg 39 Pearson-UTM
38
1.10.4 Attenuator, Transmission Loss
All transmission medium will attenuate power and cause power loss
=> Pout < Pin.
Power loss or power attenuation is given by:
Pin 1
L
Pout G
P
LdB 10 log 10 in GdB
Pout
Also can be calculated using :
LdB
where:
l = length of the transmission medium
= attenuation constant
39
1.10.5 Transmission Loss
Transmission Medium Frequency Loss dB/km
Kabel Terpiuh (Twisted- 10kHz 2
pair Cable) 100kHz 3
300kHz 6
Kabel Sepaksi (Coaxial 100kHz 1
Cable) 1MHz 2
3MHz 4
Pandu Gelombang
Empat Segi (Rectangular 10GHz 5
Waveguide)
Kabel Fiber Optik (Fiber 3.6 x 1014Hz 2.5
Optic Cable) 2.4 x 1014Hz 0.5
1.8 x 1014Hz 0.2
40
Unit dB in Communication
If P1 is the reference power: If V1 is the reference voltage:
P2 V2
PdB 10 log 10 VdB 20 log 10
P1 V1
dBm - Power measurement in unit mW i.e. P1 = 1 mW
dBW - Power measurement in unit W i.e. P1 = 1 W
dBV Voltage measurement in unit V i.e. V1 = 1 V

Example 1.1
Calculate signal power if its value in dBm is 0 dBm.
dBm = 10 log P2 / P1 = 10 log P2 / 1 mW = 0
P2 = 1 mW
Example 1.2
Calculate signal power in dB if its value is 1 mW.
dB = 10 log P2 / P1 = 10 log P2 / 1 W = 10 log 1 mW / 1 W = - 30 dB
Example 1.3
A carrier signal, vc(t) = 100 cos 10t Volt was suppressed by 20 dB.
What is the carriers new amplitude?
dB = 20 log V2 / V1 = 20 log 100 / 1 = 40 dB
New carrier amplitude = 40 dB 20 dB = 20 dB ;
20 log V = 20 dB ; V = log-1 1 = 10 Volt.
Therefore, vc(t)new = 10 cos 10t Volt 42
Example 1.4
One operational amplifier with a frequency range of (18-20) MHz has
input resistance 10 k. Calculate noise voltage at the input if the
amplifier operate at ambient temperature of 270C.
Vn2 = 4KTBR
= 4 x 1.38 x 10-23 x (273+ 27) x 2 x 106 x 104
Vn = 18 volt
43
Example 1.5
Noise generated in amplifier of 5 MHz bandwidth is represented by
amplifier input noise power of 0.082 pW. Calculate noise factor and
noise figure if the amplifier was fed with the
(a) source input signal match the temperature of 300 K
(b) source input signal match the temperature of 100 K
Ni No
(a) Noise power from the source input = KTiB

= 1.38 x 10-23 x 300 x 5 x 106 Ne = 0.082PW
= 0.021 pW
Ni Ne 0.021 0.082 0.103

Noise Factor 4.9
Ni 0.021 0.021
Noise figure = 10log10 4.9 = 6.9 dB

44
Ni No
(b) Noise power from the source input = KTiB
= 1.38 x 10-23 x 100 x 5 x 106
= 0.007 pW Ne = 0.082PW
Ni Ne 0.007 0.082 0.103

Noise factor 12.7
Ni 0.007 0.007
Noise Factor = 10log10 12.7 = 11.04 dB
Noise factor and noise figure were higher when operated at room
temperature that has higher temperature, suggesting the ratio of
amplifier noise to input noise is larger.
45
Example 1.6
An antenna is connected to an amplifier with noise temperature, Te = 125 oK,
gain, G = 108. Given the bandwidth, B = 10 MHz and output receiver noise, No
= 10 W. Determine the antenna temperature, Ti and noise factor, F of the
receiver.
N o N i N e G
KTi B KTe B G
KBTi Te G
10 1.38 10 23 10 10 6 Ti 12510 8
Ti 600 o K
Te 125 N i N e 100
F 1 1 1.2 or F 1.2
Ti 600 Ni 82.8
46
Example 1.7
Three amplifiers, ABC was connected in series. Noise figure and power
gain of the amplifiers are given below:
Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
An input signal of 50 dB higher than noise level was fed at the input of the
network. Calculate:
(a) Total noise factor
(b) SNR at the output
47
Solution:
F 1 F3 1 Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
F F1 2 Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
G1 G1G2
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
10 5 / 10
1
10 1
10 3 10
100 100 10
3.16 1 10 1
1.99 A B C
100 1000
1.99 0.0216 9 10 3
2.03
(a) Noise Factor = 10 log10 2.03 = 3.05 dB
(b) Di beri, SNRin = 50 dB

SNR input
F
SNR output
FdB = SNR in (dB) SNR out (dB)
SNR out = 50 dB 3.05 dB = 46.95 dB 48
49
50
HOMEWORKS (Discuss next Thursday)
1.Define the following terms

1. Modulation
2. Modulating signal
3. Modulated Signal
4. Modulation index
2.With the aid of block diagram, describe the generation of a
Double Side-band Full Carrier (DSCFC) AM signal.
3.Sketch the waveform and frequency spectrum of DSBFC
modulated signal
51

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SKEE 3533

2. 50% Final exam

How do you want to send data/information to

If the information that you want to send is your

What is the source and technology available

is the UN specialized agency for ICTs

o ITU-T produces international standards

known as ITU-T Recommendations

o Standards are critical to the global interoperability of ICTs

o Standards enable global communications by ensuring that

countries ICT networks and devices are speaking the same

language (whether we exchange voice, video or data messages)

Fig. 1.1 Basic communication system

s(t) Input signal; audio, video, image, data etc.

Transmitter involve modulation process convert modulating signal,

Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiver

Output Transducer convert the modulating signal, mrx(t) to its

Signal processed is analog, Information signal can be digital

Analog and digital

Periodic and Aperiodic

Analog, discrete-time Digital, discrete-time

An example of a periodic signal is a sinusoidal signal:

But cos(2 ) =1 and sin(2 )=0 2

-If f is the fundamental frequency, the 2nd

-Nearly all signals have energy at harmonic

Kabel Gentian Optik (Fiber Optic)

Ruang Bebas (Free Space)

Super High Radar 10GHz

Very High Mobil and Aeronautical

s(t) Digital Bit Error rate (BER).

1.Describe Thermal noise and shot noise.

In practice, we cannot avoid the existence of

Internal Noise External Noise

Interference within a device or Man-made noise and

Movement of the electrons will form kinetic energy in the conductor

When the temperature increases the movement of free electrons will

Noise voltage, n(t) is influenced by the temperature and therefore it is

Also known as Johnson noise or white noise or Nyquist noise.

In 1928, J. B. Johnson proved that noise power generated is

Noise power can be modeled using voltage equivalent circuit (Thevenin

(a) Noise source circuit (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit

(c) Thevenin equivalent circuit with the load

To determine the quality of received signal at the receiver or an

Other parameters that can be used are Noise Factor, F and

SNR is a ratio of signal power, S to noise power, N.

Noise Figure, NF NF 10 log F

Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan

pre-amplifier demodulator amplifier

dBm - Power measurement in unit mW i.e. P1 = 1 mW

dBW - Power measurement in unit W i.e. P1 = 1 W

dBV Voltage measurement in unit V i.e. V1 = 1 V

dB = 10 log P2 / P1 = 10 log P2 / 1 W = 10 log 1 mW / 1 W = - 30 dB

(a) Noise power from the source input = KTiB

Ni Ne 0.021 0.082 0.103

Noise figure = 10log10 4.9 = 6.9 dB

Ni Ne 0.007 0.082 0.103

Noise Factor = 10log10 12.7 = 11.04 dB

(b) Di beri, SNRin = 50 dB

1.Define the following terms

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