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322 ME
FOR MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Density
Density of fluid
= m/V
Specific weight
Specific weight of a fluid,
Definition: weight of the fluid per unit volume
Arising from the existence of a gravitational force
The relationship and g can be found using the following:
Since = m/V
therefore = g (1.3)
Units: N/m3
Water = 9814 N/m3; Air = 12.07 N/m3
Typical values:
Specific gravity
The specific gravity (or relative density) can be defined in two ways:
Definition 1: A ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at standard
temperature (4C) and atmospheric pressure, or
Definition 2: A ratio of the specific weight of a substance to the specific weight of
water at standard temperature (4C) and atmospheric pressure.
s s (1.4)
SG
w@ 4C w@ 4C
Unit: dimensionless.
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
All fluids are compressible under the application of an external force and
when the force is removed they expand back to their original volume.
The compressibility of a fluid is expressed by its bulk modulus of elasticity,
K, which describes the variation of volume with change of pressure, i.e.
change in pressure
K
volumetric strain
Thus, if the pressure intensity of a volume of fluid, , is increased by dP
and the volume is changed by d, then
dP
K
d /
dP dp
K K
d d /
Typical values: Water = 2.05x109 N/m2; Oil = 1.62x109 N/m2
Measure of how pressure compresses the
volume/density
Units of the bulk modulus are N/m2 (Pa)
Large values of the bulk modulus indicate
incompressibility
Incompressibility indicates large pressures are needed
to compress the volume slightly
Most liquids are incompressible for most practical
engineering problems.
Ideal Gas Law: p RT
If we consider air under at the same conditions as water, we can show that air is 15,000
times more compressible than water. However, many engineering applications allow air to
be considered incompressible
A consequence of the compressibility of fluids is that small disturbances introduced at a point
propagate at a finite velocity. Pressure disturbances in the fluid propagate as sound, and their
velocity is known as the speed of sound or the acoustic velocity, c.
dp K
c or c
d
sentropic Process (frictionless, no heat exchange because):
p
c
Ideal Gas and Isentropic Process:
c RT
c RT
c 1.40 * (286.9 J / kgK ) * 219 K
c 296.6 m / s
V 250 m / s
Ratio 0.84
c 296.6 m / s
Wetted Non-Wetted
Adhesion
Cohesion
Adhesion
Cohesion
Fsurface 2R cos q
W R 2 h
Equating the two and solving for h:
2 cos q
h
R
For clean glass in contact with water, q 0, and thus as R decreases, h
increases, giving a higher rise.
For a clean glass in contact with Mercury, q 130, and thus h is negative
or there is a push down of the fluid.
Viscosity
It is the property of a fluid which determines its resistance to a shearing stresses,
and it is due to a combined effects of molecular activity and of Cohesion forces
( interaction between molecules) and it is influenced by temperature.
da dL dL da dU
da dt
dU
y dt dy dU dt dy dy
t da t+dt
dy
dx Fluid
x
Fixed plate
u=0
dU
dy
N / m2 N s
= Kg/m.s
dU / dy m / s / m m2
= shear stress
= viscosity of fluid
du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient
Viscosity: Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian
Toothpaste
Latex
Paint
Corn
Starch
A reservoir of oil has a mass of 825 kg. The reservoir has a volume of 0.917
m3. Compute the density, specific weight, and specific gravity of the oil.
Solution:
mass m 825
oil 900kg / m3
volume 0.917
weight mg
oil g 900 x 9.81 8829 N / m 3
volume
oil 900
SGoil 0.9
w 1000
Example 1.3
Water has a surface tension of 0.4 N/m. In a 3-mm diameter vertical tube, if the
liquid rises 6 mm above the liquid outside the tube, calculate the wetting angle.
Solution
Capillary rise due to surface tension is given by;
2 cos q
h
r
rh 9810x 0.0015x 0.006
cos q
2 2 x 0.4
q = 83.7