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Fundamental Principles
in DC Circuits
N = 2n2
Where:
N = total number of electrons on a given orbit
n = is the orbit number
ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION
OF MATERIALS
Electrical Conductors these are materials that
allow the essentially free passage of current when
connected to a battery or other source of electrical
energy.
Electrical Insulators these are materials that
posses low conductivity or offer a relatively high
resistance to the flow of electric current. They are also
called as dielectrics.
Electric Semiconductors these are materials that
have conductivity about midway between good
conductors and good insulators.
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES
Electric Charge (Q) it is the property of some bodies which causes them to
exert forces on each other. Two bodies with positive or negative charges repel
each other, while opposite or unlike charges attract each other. A body is said
to be charged if it has either excess or deficit of electrons from normal due
share. Its unit is the Coulomb (C) named after Charles Augustin de Coulomb
(1763 1806).
Electric Current (I) it is the motion or transfer of charges from one region of
a conductor to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A) named after Andr Marie
Ampre (1775 1836).
i = dQ/dt
Where: t = time which the current flows through a material
= = = =
Where:
d = diameter of the conductor in mils
Where:
R2 = resistance at temperature t2,
R1 = resistance at temperature t1,
t1 = initial temperature, C
t2 = final temperature, C
T = inferred zero resistance, C
= temperature when resistance of a certain
material is zero
= temperature coefficient of resistance, /C
= increase in resistance per ohm per C rise
in temperature
0 = temperature coefficient of resistance at 0C
Sample Problems
Classification of Resistors:
1. Fixed resistance type
2. Variable resistance type
Types of resistors:
1. Carbon composition resistors
2. Wire-wound resistors
3. Metal film resistors
4. Carbon film resistors
5. Cermet film resistor
1. red-red-black-silver
2. blue-gray-black-gold
3. brown-green-brown-gold
4. orange-orange-brown-silver
5. green-blue-brown gold
6. brown-red-redsilver
7. red-violet-redsilver
8. gray-red-redgold
9. brown-black-orangegold
10. orange-orange-orangesilver
11. blue-gray-yellownone
12. green-black-green-silver
Resistor Color Coding Exercises
1. 27 @ 10%
2. 56 @ 10%
3. 180 @ 5%
4. 390 @ 10%
5. 680 @ 5%
6. 1.5 k @ 20%
7. 3.6 k @ 10%
8. 7.5 k @ 5%
9. 10 k @ 5%
10. 47 k @ 10%
11. 820 k @ 10%
12. 2.2 M @ 20 %