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Total internal reflection

Form 4 Physics
Group 14

Members:
Name Student number Job
Sun Lun Chi S98006900 Leader
Original script
Cheng Shu Wing S98007150 Second stage
production
Lee Yan Ming S98007800 Illustrations
Tang Yuk Man S98006810 Additional
Scripts
Yau Yat Fai S98007070 Animations
& SFX
November 1998
Lecture presentation
for Form 4
Contents
Reflection and refraction (revision)
Critical angle
Total internal reflection
Fish eye view
Reflection and refraction
Mirror reflects light

mirror
Transparent medium refracts light

glass
Which angle is larger?
A light ray is emerging from glass to air. Which
angle is larger, in glass or in the air ?

normal
glass

Or this?

AIR
This?
Which angle is larger?
A light ray is emerging from glass to air. Which
angle is larger, in glass or in the air ?

normal
glass

Or this?

AIR
This?
Next
Critical angle (1)
For glass-air interface, the angle of refraction in
air > incident angle

glass normal Partial reflection

Incident angle

AIR
Angle of refraction
Which angle first?
If the angle of incidence increases, which angle
will reach 90o first, the angle of incidence or the
angle of refraction?

A Angle of incidence (from glass)

B Angle of refraction (in the air)

Next
Critical angle (2)
When we increase the angle of incidence (i), the
angle of refraction (r) increases until ......

glass normal

AIR
r
Critical angle (3)
when the angle of refraction is 90o, the incident
angle is called the critical angle (C).

glass normal

iC

AIR
90or
Critical angle (4)
For glass-air interface, the critical angle is 42o.
At critical angle, angle of refraction is 90o, so,
by the laws of refraction,
sin r sin190o
n= =
sin i sin C
n x sin C = 1
1
sin C =
n
What is the critical angle...
for water-air interface?
The refractive index of water is 1.33

1 1.33 = 0.75 Check :


sin-1 0.75 = 48.8o sin C = sin 48.8o = 0.75
=> C = 48.8o 1 0.75 = 1.33

1 I can do it,
sin C = so can you!
n
Critical angle (5)
For glass, the refractive index is 1.5;
C = sin-1 (11.5)
Critical angle = 42o
For water, the refractive index is 1.33;
C = sin-1 (11.33)
Critical angle = 48.8o

11
Csin C=
= sin -1 ( )
nn
What if ...
the angle of incidence (from glass) is larger
than the critical angle?

A The angle of refraction will become


smaller again.
B There will be no refracted ray.
C The light ray will be reflected the
same way back.
Next
Total internal reflection (1)
When the light ray (from water) is emerging at
the critical angle, the refracted ray will be along
the interface.

AIR

water
Total internal reflection (2)
When the incident angle is larger than the
critical angle, total internal reflection will occur
(at the interface).

AIR

water

Next
Total internal reflection (3)
View under water!!

AIR

water
Total internal reflection (4)
Fish-eye view

sky
waves You You
see see
Youthe
seesky here
water waves
total internal
through refraction
here here
reflection
waves
total internal
reflection here
total internal
reflection here
Can you explain the ...
Yes
fish-eye view by drawing light rays?

water
Fish eye view (1)
Central hole, shows the
squeezed view of the sky

totally internally
reflected ray

water
Fish eye view (2)
When a diver or fish looks upward under water,
part of the water surface looks like a mirror,
except the central hole.
So, the light entering the water from above the
surface is squeezed into a cone of angle 2C
2C

What is C ?
critical angle
water C is
Revisit the fish eye view
Do you remember which part has refraction and
which part has total internal reflection?
sky(refraction here)

total internal
reflection here
What did you learn?
1
Critical angle C= sin-1 ( )
n

Total internal reflection occurs when a light ray


tries to escape from water (or glass) to air at an
angle of incidence larger than the critical angle
at the interface.
Fish eye view is an example of total internal
reflection and refraction.

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