B. Construction: Consistent of inner air vacuum glass tube containing tungsten coil on one side & target on opposite side with cover externally by a x-ray proof metallic tube. Mechanism of x-ray production On passing current through the coil, electrons come out from the atom and cloud in front of the coil. On applying negative charges on the coil side (cathode) and positive charge on the target (anode), electron moves towards the target side. By positively charged nucleus of target tungsten stop the first moving electron (deceleration) by attraction. On stopping the kinetic energy of first moving electron converted into heat (>99%) and x-ray(<01%). Characteristics of x-ray - This is electromagnetic wave - Non-visible - It has energy - Always run in straight way - Has ionizing power - No need for media to run. Interaction of x-ray with body On passing through the body (due to energy) it interacts with body tissue. Interaction depends on density and length of the material. More density > more interaction> more absorption of x-ray. More thickness of the tissue> more length of the interaction> more absorption. In descending order: Density- teeth> bones> soft tissue> fluid> subcutaneous fat> air.
After interaction, x-ray coming out from the
opposite of the body carrying the image of the organ, but still is invisible. Film processing (to visualize the image) X-ray film- Patient remains between the tube and x-ray film. Film always kept in cassette (metallic box like structure) to avoid light contact & placed on the opposite side of the body.
Film consists of plastic sheet on both surface
of which are covered by silver bromide. Interaction of x-ray with film X-ray after coming from the patient come in contact with the x-ray film passing through the wall of the cassette, interact with AgBr and convert it into reduced silver (black color) to produce the latent image in the film. Processing Developer solution: After interaction with the x-ray, film removed from cassette in dark room and sink in the developer solution. Function of the developer solution to visualize the latent image in the film. Content of developer solution A. Organic reducing agent:- A mixer of Hydroquinone & metol for manual processing & hydroquinone & phenidone for automated processor. B. Preservatives- Sodium sulfite. C. Accelerator Sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. D. Restrainer- Potassium bromide Fixing solution To dissolve the unreacted silver atom and fix up the reacted silver atom. Composition of fixer A. Fixing agent sodium thio-sulfate or ammonium thio-sulfate. B. Preservative- Sodium sulfite. C. Hardner Chrome alum or Potassium alum. D. Acid- Sulfuric acid or acetic acid. Film drying a. Air b. Drying machine Radiation Hazard
All ionizing radiation is harmful.
Harmful effect are two type 1) Somatic. 2) Genetic. 1) Somatic effect- Those effects harmful to the person being irradiate is called somatic effect. Most important somatic effects are:- a) Carcinogenosis. Among them leukemia is the most common neoplasia. Low dose of radiation may cause neoplasia and there is long latent period 5-20 years and 10-30 years for other tumor. b) increase degenerative change. c) cataract. d) Decreased spermatogenesis. 2) Genetic effect # Those effects harmful to future generation are called genetic effect. # Upto 12 generation there is change of genetic effect. Maximum permissible dose. Should not exced 5 Rem/years. Rem :- is a unit of absorbed dose of equivalent to Rad. Rad :- One rad is equal to the radiation necessary to deposit energy of 100 ergs in one gram of irradiate material (100ergs/grm ) Note : No known lower limit of radiation safe to hazards. So protection of radiation is very much important. Protection: Following steps are important to minimise radiation exposure- 1) Distance : more distance from radiation source,double reduction of radiation exposure. ( inverse square law ). 2) Time :- Less time of exposure, more reduction of radiation hazard. 3) Barriers :- Usually lead or concreat. Other additional measures- i) Lead apron. ii) Dosimetry use. iii) TLD. Iv) Film badge.