DISCRETE

MATHS
LOGIC
NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT
CONJUNCTION VS. IMPLICATION

Everyone is your friend and is perfect.

All your friends are perfect.
NESTED QUANTIFIERS - I
Let
Q(x, y) be the statement x has sent an e-mail message to y,
where the domain for both x and y consists of all students in your
class. Express each of these quantifications in English.

a) xy Q(x, y)
b) xy Q(x, y)
c) xy Q(x, y)
d) yx Q(x, y)
e) yx Q(x, y)
f ) xy Q(x, y)
QUANTIFIERS
Express each of these statements using logical operators, predicates,
and quantifiers.
a) Some propositions are tautologies.
b) The negation of a contradiction is a tautology.
c) The disjunction of two contingencies can be a tautology.
d) The conjunction of two tautologies is a tautology.
QUANTIFIERS
Let T (x) mean that x is a tautology and C(x) mean that x is a
contradiction.
a) Some propositions are tautologies. x T (x)
b) The negation of a contradiction is a tautology. x(C(x)T (x))
c) The disjunction of two contingencies can be a tautology.
xy(T (x)C(x)T (y) C(y)T (x y))
d) The conjunction of two tautologies is a tautology. xy((T (x) T (y))
T (xy))
NESTED QUANTIFIERS - I
Let
Q(x, y) be the statement x has sent an e-mail message to y,
where the domain for both x and y consists of all students in your class. Express each of these
quantifications in English.

a) xy Q(x, y) - There is some student in your class who has sent a message to some
student in your class.
b) xy Q(x, y) - There is some student in your class who has sent a message to every
student in your class.
c) xy Q(x, y) - Every student in your class has sent a message to at least one student in
your class.
d) yx Q(x, y) - There is a student in your class who has been sent a message by every
student in your class.
e) yx Q(x, y) - Every student in your class has been sent a message from at least one
student in your class.
f ) xy Q(x, y) - Every student in the class has sent a message to every student in the class.
NESTED QUANTIFIERS - II
Let
L(x, y) be the statement x loves y,
where the domain for both x and y consists of all people in the world. Use
quantifiers to express each of these statements.

a) Everybody loves Jerry.

b) Everybody loves somebody.
c) There is somebody whom everybody loves.
d) Nobody loves everybody.
e) There is somebody whom Lydia does not love.
f ) There is somebody whom no one loves.
g) Everyone loves himself or herself.
i) There is someone who loves no one besides himself
or herself.
NESTED QUANTIFIERS - II
Let
L(x, y) be the statement x loves y,
where the domain for both x and y consists of all people in the world.
Use quantifiers to express each of these statements.

a) Everybody loves Jerry. - xL(x, Jerry)

b) Everybody loves somebody. - xyL(x, y)
c) There is somebody whom everybody loves. - xyL(x, y)
d) Nobody loves everybody. - xyL(x, y)
e) There is somebody whom Lydia does not love. - xL(Lydia, x)
f ) There is somebody whom no one loves. - xyL(y, x)
g) Everyone loves himself or herself. - xL(x, x)
QUANTIFIERS - II
Find a counterexample, if possible, to these universally quantified
statements, where the domain for all variables consists of all real
numbers.

a) x (x2 = x)
b) x (x2 = 2)
c) x (|x| > 0)