Ms.

Meghana Goswami
1st year M.Sc
M.B.N.c
 Kidney stones are small, hard, deposite of
mineral and acid salts on the inner surface of
kidneys. It is also known as renal lithiasis,
renal stones and nephrolithiasis,
Or
A kidney stone is a solid concretion or crystal
aggregation formed in the kidney from
dietary minerals in the urine.
 Metabolic disorder like:
Hypercalciuria
Hyperoxaluria
Hypocitraturia
Gout
Failure to empty bladder
Obstruction in urinary tract
Infection
Foreign body
Genetic factors
 High mineral content in drinking water
Low fluid intake or Dehydration
Over consumption of salts
Low consumption of magnesium
Over consumption of protein
Immobility
Sedentary life style
Past history of stone
 UTI
Prolong indwelling catheterization
Neurogenic bladder
A diet high in purine, oxalate, calcium
like spinach, peanuts, cheese etc.
Drugs like Acetazolamide, calcium
carbonate
 Sever abdominal or flank pain
Sharp, sever pain of sudden onset
Renal colic
Frequency
Urgency
Dysuria
Oliguria and anuria
Hematuria
 Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue
Elevated temperature and BP
Cloudy foul smell urine
UTI sign
Medical management
1. Increase fluid intake
Encourage client to take 3-4 L, unless
contraindicated, ensure urine output
2.5-3 L daily
Increase fluid may also decrease pain,
prevent increase in stone size and
prevent infection
2. Pain management
Opioids
NSAIDS
Antispasmodic agent like Oxybutynin
chloride
3.Other medication
For Hypercalciuric client , thiazide diuretic
like hydrochlorothiazide promote calcium
resorption and potassium citrate is
commonly added to replace potassium
Calcium oxalate stone treated with Vit. B6,
magnesium oxide
Uric acid treat with Allopurinol, Sodium
bicarbonate and citric acid
 Cystine stone are treated with Tiopronin and
D-penicillamine
Antibiotic therapy

Dietary management
 Endourologic procedure
Lithotripsy
1. Laser
2. Extracorpopreal shock wave
3. Percutaneous
Open surgical procedure
1. Ureterolithotomy
2. Cystolithotomy