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DRUM DESIGN
8.1
DRUMS
Basic Concepts
Configurations
Services
Design Considerations
8.2
PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITY SEPARATION
Force balance
8.3
FORCES ACTING ON LIQUID DROPLETS IN A GAS STREAM
8.4
SEPARATOR TYPES
8.5
SEPARATOR CONFIGURATIONS/SECTIONS
Configurations or Orientations
Horizontal
Vertical
Sections
Primary Separation (A)
Secondary or Gravity Settling (B)
Coalescing (De-entrainment) (C)
Liquid Collection (D)
8.6
VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATORS
A = Primary Separation
B = Gravity Settling
C = Coalescing
D = Liquid Collecting
8.7
SEPARATOR SERVICES
8.8
BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR
VAPOUR-LIQUID SEPARATORS
8.9
DRUM ORIENTATION
Horizontal
More efficient than vertical drums (cross-flow vs. countercurrent
flow) especially for one inlet nozzle design
Almost always used when relatively large quantities of liquid and
vapour must be separated
More flexible in choice of nozzle arrangement (e. g., split flow)
Chosen for liquid - liquid systems and when flow in inlet piping
is slug or bubble flow
Smaller in volume for high liquid loading service
Vertical
Commonly used for very low liquid loading (fuel gas K.O.)
Main advantage is smaller plot area
8.10
LIQUID SEPARATION EFFICIENCY
Vapour moves freely but liquid drops cannot follow due to their
greater inertia
8.11
CRITICAL/ALLOWABLE VAPOUR VELOCITY
Ensures vapour velocity is sufficiently low to prevent
excessive liquid carryover. Not related to sonic velocity.
0.5
8.12
INLET PIPING FLOW REGIMES
Slug/bubble flow
Causes excessive liquid carryover and pipe vibration
Carryover can be reduced for horizontal drum with 2 inlet
nozzles and central outlet nozzle
8.13
INLET NOZZLE/DISTRIBUTOR ARRANGEMENT
Vertical drums
Slotted-T distributor - 120 included angle on bottom
Tangential inlet with annular ring if no CWMS
8.14
LIQUID RE-ENTRAINMENT
Factors involved:
Velocity in the inlet nozzle
Distance from inlet nozzle to liquid surface
Physical properties of fluids
Inlet nozzle type (flush, 90 elbow, slotted T)
For level control, only holdup that counts is within LRC range.
8.16
TYPICAL LIQUID HOLDUP REQUIREMENTS
(refer to DP V-A Table 1)
Surge Drums, Distillate Drums generally 5-10 minutes on
product if onto processing.
Just 2 minutes if onto
storage. 5 minutes on
reflux (if gives larger drum)
Compressor Suction & Interstage 10 minutes liquid spill or 5
min.based on lean oil rate if
suction from absorber.
Fuel Gas K.O. Volume of 15 m of inlet
line slug; after absorber
use 5 min. on lean oil rate.
Steam Drums 2 minutes on feedwater or
1/3 the volume of steam
generator and piping
8.17
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CWMS
CWMS sized for 100% of critical velocity .
Distance from top of CWMS to gas outlet nozzle should be
adequate to prevent flow maldistribution through CWMS:
8.18
PLASTIC MESH AND KNITTED WIRE CWMS
8.19
ANTI-VORTEX CONSIDERATIONS
8.20
ANTI-VORTEX BAFFLES
8.21
TYPICAL DIMENSIONS OF HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL
DRUMS
8.22
Notes - Typical Horizontal Drums:
1. Design for appropriate % of VC. Minimum vapor space is 300 mm or
20% of drum diameter whichever is greater.
2. Ten minutes holdup if applicable, otherwise ELL is HLL.
3. If water drawoff is present, the hydrocarbon liquid outlet nozzle should
extend above the bottom of the drum.
4. Set at minimum distance considering reinforcement and fabrication
requirements.
5. Refer to DPM Section V-A under Design Procedures for Horizontal
Drums with and without CWMS for nozzle selection or from experience.
6. The minimum distance above CWMS is calculated from:
ho = D CWMS - do
2
7. The minimum distance between LLL and the outlet nozzle is the larger
of hLL (DPM Section V- A) or 230 mm.
8. Impingement baffles should be installed opposite 90 elbow inlet
nozzles to protect the drum shell. The baffle diameter should be twice
the inlet nozzle diameter.
8.23
VERTICAL DRUM SIZING GUIDELINES
Vertical drums with CWMS (minimal liquid entrainment)
VC, max (%) = 100 (foaming service). For other services, the larger of this or:
VC, max (%) = 225 Ksu (0.932) LL (D-2W)
D
(also refer to DPM Section V - A Table 1 for selected services)
Where:
VC, max (%) = maximum allowable percent of critical velocity at
maximum gas low rate, %
Ksu = surface tension - viscosity parameter, dimensionless
LL = maximum liquid loading which is the maximum liquid feed
rate divided by the drum horizontal cross-sectional area, dm3/s m2
D = drum diameter, mm
W = CWMS support ring width, mm
mL = liquid viscosity, mPa s (needed to calculate Ksu from
DPM V-A Figure 3)
s = surface tension, mN/m (needed to calculate Ksu from
DPM V-A Figure 3)
8.24
VERTICAL DRUM SIZING GUIDELINES
8.25
TYPICAL DIMENSIONS OF
VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL DRUMS
8.26
Notes - Typical Vertical Drums:
1. Ten minutes holdup if applicable, otherwise ELL is HLL.
5. The minimum distance between LLL and the outer nozzle is the larger
of HLL (DPM Section V- A Equation 14) or 230 mm.
6. The minimum distance between the top of a flush inlet nozzle and the
top tangent line of the drum should be 900 mm.
8.27
GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURE
8.31
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR LIQUID-LIQUID
SETTLERS
8.32
TYPICAL LIQUID-LIQUID SETTLING DRUM
8.33
TYPICAL THREE-PHASE SEPARATOR
8.34
Notes for Typical Three-Phase Separator:
3. The hydrocarbon liquid outlet nozzle should extend above the bottom of
the drum.
5. Inlet nozzle selection based on prior experience. For Exxon jobs see
DPM Section V-A.
8.35
Notes for Typical Three-Phase Separator:
7. The minimum distance between LLL and outlet nozzle is the larger of
hLL (DPM Section V-A) or 230 mm.
9. L = 3 to 4D.
10. Minimum distance between HIL and the light phase outlet nozzle is
the larger of hHI (DPM Section V-B) or 100 mm.
11. Minimum distance between LIL and the heavy phase outlet nozzle is
the larger of hLI (DPM Section V-B) or 230 mm.
8.36
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
VENDOR LITERATURE
EXXONMOBIL REPORTS
Distillate Drying
Handbook
8.37
GLOSSARY
Coalescer A device for removing small quantities of water or brine from crude
oil or petroleum products by means of either an electrostatic field or
inert packing with a highly extended surface, for example, wire
mesh.
Crinkled Wire Mesh Screen Porous blankets of wire or plastic knitted mesh, which are used for
(CWMS) removing entrained liquid droplets from a vapor stream.
Critical Velocity (Vc) An empirically calculated vapour velocity used to ensure that the
superficial vapour velocity through the separator drum is sufficiently
low to prevent excessive liquid carryover.
Cyclone (Centrifugal) A vessel provided with a tangential inlet for a gas stream containing
Separator fine solids or liquid droplets and normally provided with a centrally
located overhead gas withdrawal line. The solids and liquid droplets
are separated by centrifugal force and pass down to a centrally
located outlet. A drain is connected to the bottom outlet.
ELL Emergency liquid level.
Flash Drum A vessel used to separate gas evolved from liquid flashed from a
higher pressure to a lower pressure.
Free Water Entrained water in hydrocarbon.
HIL High interface level.
HLA High level alarm.
HLL High Level liquid.
8.38
GLOSSARY (Continued)
Knockout (K.O.) Drum A vessel designed to handle streams with high gas-to-liquid ratios.
The liquid is generally entrained as mist in the gas. These vessels
usually have a small liquid holdup.
Liquid-Liquid Settler A vessel used to separate two immiscible phases using the same
principles as for vapor-liquid separators, except that separation is
more difficult because the difference in density between two liquids
is less than between vapor and liquid, and liquid-liquid separators
are designed for much lower velocities.
LIL Low interface level.
LLL Low liquid level.
NIL Normal interface level.
NLL Normal liquid level.
Three-Phase Separator A vessel used to separate vapour and two immiscible liquids of
different densities (for example, vapour, water, and hydrocarbon).
Vane-Type Mist Eliminator Zig-zag baffles which are used for removing entrained liquid
droplets from a vapor stream. Spacing between the baffles, turning
angles and number of passes are designed to satisfy specific
removal requirements.
Vapor-Liquid Separator A vessel used to separate a mixed-phase stream into vapour and
liquid phases.
8.39