Chapter 3

AC to DC Converters
(Rectifiers)
 Outline
3.1 Single-phase controlled rectifier
3.2 Three-phase controlled rectifier
3.3 Effect of transformer leakage inductance on
rectifier circuits
3.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifier
Power

3.5 Harmonics and power factor of rectifier circuits

3.6 High power controlled rectifier
3.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifier circuit
3.8 Realization of phase-control in rectifier circuits

2
 3.1 Single-phase controlled
(controllable) rectifier
3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier

3.1.2 Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

3.1.3 Single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier

Power

3.1.4 Single-phase bridge half-controlled rectifier

3
 3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave
controlled rectifier
u2
Resistive load
b)
0 t1 2 t
ug
VT c)
T 0 t
id ud
uVT
u1 u2 ud R d)
t
0
Power

uVT

e)
a) 0 t

1 2U 2 1 cos
Ud
2 2U 2 sin td (t )
2
(1 cos ) 0.45U 2
2
(3-1)

Half-wave, single-pulse
Triggering delay angle, delay angle, firing angle
4
 3.1.1 Single-phase half-wave
controlled rectifier
Inductive (resistor-inductor) load
u2

b)
VT id 0 t1 2 t
T ug

uVT c)
0 t
a) u1 u2 ud
ud
Power

+ +
d)
0 t
id

e)
0 t
uVT

f)
0 t

5
 Basic thought process of time-domain
analysis for power electronic circuits
The time-domain behavior of a power electronic
circuit is actually the combination of consecutive
transients of the different linear circuits when the
power semiconductor devices are in different states.
VT VT

L L
u2 u2
Power

R R

b)
a)
did
L Ri d 2U 2 sin t (3-2)
dt
t = id= 0
R
2U 2 (t ) 2U 2
id sin( )e L sin( t ) (3-3)
Z Z
6
 Single-phase half-wave controlled
rectifier with freewheeling diode
u2
Inductive load (L is large enough)
b)
VT id
T
O t1 t
ud
iVDR
u VT L
c)
a) u 1 u2 ud O t
id
R Id
VDR d)
O t
iVT
Id
I dVT Id (3-5) e)
2 O -
+ t
Power

iVD
I dVD Id (3-6) R
2
R
f)
1 O t
I VT
2 I d2 d (t )
2
I d (3-7) uVT

g)
1 2 t
Id2 d (t ) O
I VDR Id (3-8)
2 2
Maximum forward voltage, maximum reverse voltage
Disadvantages:
Only single pulse in one line cycle
DC component in the transformer current
7
 3.1.2 Single-phase bridge
fully-controlled rectifier
ud(id)
Resistive load ud
id
b)
0 t

VT 1

VT 3
id
i2
T a uVT
1,4

u1 u2 ud R c)
0 t
b i2
VT2

VT4 d)
Power

0 t
a)
For thyristor: maximum forward voltage, maximum
reverse voltage
Advantages:
2 pulses in one line cycle
No DC component in the transformer current
8
 3.1.2 Single-phase bridge fully-
controlled rectifier
Resistive load
Average output (rectified) voltage
1 2 2U 2 1 cos 1 cos
U d 2U 2 sin td(t ) 0.9U 2 (3-9)
2 2
Average output current
U d 2 2U 2 1 cos U 1 cos (3-10)
Id 0.9 2
R R 2 R 2
For thyristor
Power

1 U 1 cos
I dVT I d 0.45 2
2 R 2
1 2U 2 U2 1
(3-11)
R
2
I VT ( sin t ) d ( t ) sin 2
2 2 R 2 (3-12)
For transformer
1 2U 2 U 1 (3-13)

I I2 ( sin t ) 2 d (t ) 2 sin 2
R R 2
9
 3.1.2 Single-phase bridge
fully-controlled rectifier
Inductive load u2

(L is large enough) O t
id ud

VT1

VT3
O t
i2 id Id
T a
L iVT O Id
t
1,4
u1 u2 ud t
iVT O Id
2,3
O t
Id
b R i2
Power

O Id t
VT2

VT4

uVT
1,4

O t
a) b)

1 2 2

Ud 2U 2 sin td(t ) U 2 cos 0.9U 2 cos (3-15)

Commutation
Thyristor voltages and currents
Transformer current 10
 Electro-motive-force (EMF) load

With resistor
id ud
E
R O t
ud id
E Id
Power

O t
a) b)

Discontinuous current id

11
 Electro-motive-force (EMF) load
With resistor and inductor
When L is large enough, the output voltage and
current waveforms are the same as ordinary
inductive load.
When L is at a critical value
ud
=

Power

E
0 t

id

O t

2 2U 2 3 U 2
L 2.87 10 (3-17)
I dmin I dmin
12
 3.1.3 Single-phase full-wave
controlled rectifier

VT 1 ud
i1
T
u2
u1
u2 VT O t
2 ud R i
1

O t
Power

a) b)

Transformer with center tap

Comparison with single-phase bridge fully-controlled
rectifier
13
 3.1.4 Single-phase bridge
half-controlled rectifier
u2

b)
O t

ud
VT 1

VT 2
id
i2
T a
L O t

VDR
u id Id
ud
2
iVTO Id t
b R iVD1
Power

4
iVTO t
VD3

VD4

Id
iVD 2
3
t
iVDO Id
R
O t
Id
i2
O t
Half-control I d

Comparison with fully-controlled rectifier

Additional freewheeling diode
14
 Another single-phase bridge
half-controlled rectifier

VD3
VT1
T
load
u2

VD4
VT2
Power

Comparison with previous circuit:

No need for additional freewheeling diode
Isolation is necessary between the drive circuits
of the two thyristors

15
 Summary of some important
points in analysis
When analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode
circuit with the same topology. The behavior of the
diode circuit is exactly the same as the thyristor circuit
when firing angle is 0.
A power electronic circuit can be considered as
different linear circuits when the power semiconductor
devices are in different states. The time-domain
behavior of the power electronic circuit is actually the
Power

combination of consecutive transients of the different

linear circuits.
Take different principle when dealing with different
load
For resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same
as the voltage waveform
For inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current
can be considered constant
16
 3.2 Three-phase controlled
(controllable) rectifier
3.2.1 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier
(the basic circuit among three-phase rectifiers)

3.2.2 Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier

(the most widely used circuit among three-phase
Power

rectifiers)

17
 3.2.1 Three-phase half-wave
controlled rectifier
Resistive load, = 0
ua ub uc
u2

O t1 t2 t3 t
T
VT1
uG
VT2 O t
ud
VT3
Power

ud
O t
iVT
R id 1

O t
uVT
1
O t

Common-cathode connection
uab uac
Natural commutation point
18
 Resistive load, = 30

u2 ua ub uc

O t
T
VT1 uG
O t
VT2 ud
Power

VT3 t1 t
ud O
iVT
1

R id
O
uVT u t
1 ac

O t

uab uac

19
 Resistive load, = 60

u2 ua ub uc

T O t
VT1
VT2 uG
Power

ud
VT3 O t
ud
R id
O t
iVT
1

O t

20
 Resistive load, quantitative analysis
When 30, load current id is continuous.
5
1 3 6 (3-18)
Ud
2 6
6

2U 2 sin td (t )
2
U 2 cos 1.17U 2 cos

3
When >30, load current id is discontinuous.
1 3 2
Ud
2
6

2U 2 sin td (t )
2
U 2 1 cos( ) 0.6751 cos( )
6 6
(3-19)
Power

3 1.2
1.17
Average load current
U 0.8
(3-20) Ud/U2
Id d
R 0.4 1
3
Thyristor voltages 2
0 30 60 90 120 150
/(
)
1- resistor load 2- inductor load
3- resistor-inductor load 21
 Inductive load, L is large enough
ua ub uc
ud

O t

T u2 VT1 ia

a L
O t
ib
b eL id O t
VT2 ud R ic

O t
c id
VT3 O t
uVT
1
Power

O uac uac
t
uab
Load current id is always continuous.
5 (3-18)
1 3 6
Ud
2
6
6

2U 2 sin td (t )
2
U 2 cos 1.17U 2 cos

3
Thyristor voltage and currents, transformer current
1 I VT
I 2 I VT I d 0.577 I d (3-23) I VT(AV) 0.368I d (3-24)
3 1.57
U FM U RM 2.45U 2 (3-25) 22
 3.2.2 Three-phase bridge
fully-controlled rectifier
Circuit diagram d1
VT1
ia id
T VT3 VT 5
a load ud
n b c
Power

VT 4 VT 6
VT 2

d2
Common-cathode group and common-anode group
of thyristors
Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger
sequence.
23
 Resistive load, = 0
ua
u2 = 0 ub uc
ud1

O t1 t
ud2

u2L uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud

O t
Power

iVT
1

O t
uVT uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
1

O t

uab uac

24
 Resistive load, = 30
ud1 = 30
ua ub uc

O t 1 t

ud2

ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

O t
Power

uVT uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac

1

O t

uab uac
ia

O t

25
 Resistive load, = 60
= 60
ud1 ua ub uc

t1
O t

ud2

ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
Power

O t

uVT
1
uac uac

O t

uab
26
 Resistive load, = 90
ud1 ua ub uc ua ub

O t

ud2
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba

O t
Power

id

O t
iVT
1

O t
ia

O t

27
 Inductive load, = 0
u2 = 0ua ub uc
ud1

O t1 t

ud2

u2L uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud
Power

O t

id

O t
iVT
1

O t

28
 Inductive load, = 30
= 30u ub uc
ud1 a

O t1 t

ud2

ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
Power

O t

id

O t
ia

O t
29
 Inductive load, = 90
= 90 ub uc ua
ud1

O t 1 t

ud2
uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
ud
Power

O t

uVT uac uac

1

O t
uab

30
 Quantitative analysis
Average output voltage
2
1
Ud

3
3

6U 2 sin td (t ) 2.34U 2 cos (3-26)
3
For resistive load, When a > 60, load current id is discontinuous.
3
U d 6U 2 sin td (t ) 2.34U 2 1 cos( ) (3-27)
3 3
Average output current (load current)
Ud
Id (3-20)
R
Transformer current
Power

1 2 2 2 2
I2 I d ( I d ) I d 0.816I d
2
(3-28)
2 3 3 3
Thyristor voltage and current
Same as three-phase half-wave rectifier
EMF load, L is large enough
All the same as inductive load except the calculation of average output
current
Ud E
Id (3-29)
R 31
 3.3 Effect of transformer leakage
inductance on rectifier circuits
T LB
a ia
ik LB VT1
b ib
VT2
LB ic
c
VT3
ud
R L

ud ua ub uc
Power

O t

id ic ia ib ic ia Id

O g t

In practical, the transformer leakage inductance has to be

taken into account.
Commutation between thyristors thus can not happen instantly,
but with a commutation process. 32
 Commutation process analysis
Circulating current ik during commutation
ub-ua = 2LBdia/dt
ik: 0 Id
ia = Id-ik : Id 0
ib = ik : 0 Id
Power

Commutation angle
Output voltage during commutation
dik dik ua ub
ud ua LB ub LB (3-30)
dt dt 2

33
 Quantitative calculation
Reduction of average output voltage due to the
commutation process
1 g 56 3 g 56 dik
U d
2 / 3 6

5 (ub ud )d(t ) 5 [ub (ub LB )]d(t )
2 6 dt
5
3 g di 3 Id 3

2
5
6
6
LB k d(t )
dt 2
0
LBdik
2
X BId (3-31)
Power

Calculation of commutation angle

2X BId (3-36)
cos cos( g )
6U 2
Id ,g
XB ,g
For 90o , , g
34
 Summary of the effect on rectifier circuits
Single- Single- Three- Three-
Circuits phase half- phase m-pulse recfifier
phase full phase
wave bridge wave bridge

U d XB
Id
2X B
Id
3X B
Id 3X B
Id
mX B
Id

2 2

2X B I d Id X B
Id X B 2I d X B 2X B I d
cos cos( g ) 2U 2 sin

2U 2 2U 2 6U 2 6U 2 m
Power

Conclusions
Commutation process actually provides additional working
states of the circuit.
di/dt of the thyristor current is reduced.
The average output voltage is reduced.
Positive du/dt
Notching in the AC side voltage
35
 3.4 Capacitor-filtered uncontrolled
(uncontrollable) rectifier
Emphasis of previous sections
Controlled rectifier, inductive load
Uncontrolled rectifier: diodes instead of thyristors
Wide applications of capacitor-filtered uncontrolled
rectifier
AC-DC-AC frequency converter
Uninterruptible power supply
Power

Switching power supply

3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase uncontrolled
rectifier
3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase uncontrolled
rectifier

36
 3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase
uncontrolled rectifier
Single-phase bridge, RC load

id
i,ud
ud
VD1 VD3
i2 iC iR i

u1 u2 ud + C R
t
Power

0 2

VD2 VD4

a) b)

37
 3.4.1 Capacitor-filtered single-phase
uncontrolled rectifier
Single-phase bridge, RLC load

id
L
VD 1 + uL - i2,u2,ud u2 ud
i2 VD 3
iC iR i2
+
ud R
Power

u1 u2 0
C
t
VD 2 VD 4

a) b)

38
 3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase
uncontrolled rectifier
Three-phase bridge, RC load

ud u
ab u uac
d

ia
VD 1 VD 3 VD 5 id

t
T ia 0
a iC iR 3
ud +
Power

b C R
c id

VD 4 VD 6 VD 2
O t

a) b)

39
 3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase
uncontrolled rectifier
Three-phase bridge, RC load
Waveform when RC1.732

ia ia

O t O t
Power

id id

O t O t

aRC= 3 bRC< 3

40
 3.4.2 Capacitor-filtered three-phase
uncontrolled rectifier
Three-phase bridge, RLC load

ia
VD1 VD3 VD5
ia id O t
T iC iR
a
b u d+ C R b)
Power

ia
c
O t
VD4 VD6 VD2

a) c)

41
 3.5 Harmonics and power factor of
rectifier circuits
Originating of harmonics and power factor issues in
rectifier circuits
Harmonics: working in switching statesnonlinear
Power factor: firing delay angle causes phase delay
Harmful effects of harmonics and low power factor
Standards to limit harmonics and power factor
Power

3.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics and reactive power

3.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of
controlled rectifiers with inductive load
3.5.3 AC side harmonics and power factor of
capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifiers
3.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage and current
42
 3.5.1 Basic concepts of harmonics
and reactive power
For pure sinusoidal waveform
u (t ) 2U sin(t u ) (3-54)

For periodic non-sinusoidal waveform

u (t ) ao (an cos nt bn sin nt )
(3-55)
or n 1

(3-56)
u (t ) ao cn sin( nt n)
Power

n 1
where
cn an 2 bn 2 an cn sin
n arctan( an / bn) bn cn cos
Fundamental component
Harmonic components (harmonics)
43
 Harmonics-related specifications
Take current harmonics as examples

Content of nth harmonics

In
HRI n 100% (3-57)
I1
In is the effective (RMS) value of nth harmonics.
I1 is the effective (RMS) value of fundamental component.
Power

Total harmonic distortion

Ih
THDi 100% (3-58)
I1
Ih is the total effective (RMS) value of all the harmonic components.

44
 Definition of power and power factor
For sinusoidal circuits
Active power
1 2
P
2
0
uid (t ) UI cos (3-59)
Reactive power
Q=U I sin (3-61)
Apparent power
Power

S=UI (3-60)
S 2 P2 Q2 (3-63)
Power factor
P
l (3-62)
S
l=cos (3-64)

45
 Definition of power and power factor
For non-sinusoidal circuits
Active power
P=U I1 cos1 (3-65)
Power factor
P UI1 cos 1 I 1
l cos 1 n cos 1 (3-66)
S UI I
Distortion factor (fundamental-component factor)
Power

n=I1 / I
Displacement factor (power factor of fundamental component)
l1 = cos1
Definition of reactive power is still in dispute.

46
 Review of the reactive power concept
The reactive power Q does not lead to net transmission of
energy between the source and load. When Q 0, the rms
current and apparent power are greater than the minimum
amount necessary to transmit the average power P.
Inductor: current lags voltage by 90, hence displacement
factor is zero. The alternate storing and releasing of energy in
an inductor leads to current flow and nonzero apparent power,
but P = 0. Just as resistors consume real (average) power P,
inductors can be viewed as consumers of reactive power Q.
Power

Capacitor: current leads voltage by 90, hence displacement

factor is zero. Capacitors supply reactive power Q. They are
often placed in the utility power distribution system near
inductive loads. If Q supplied by capacitor is equal to Q
consumed by inductor, then the net current (flowing from the
source into the capacitor-inductive-load combination) is in
phase with the voltage, leading to unity power factor and
minimum rms current magnitude.
47
 3.5.2 AC side harmonics and power factor of
controlled rectifiers with inductive load
Single-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
u2
id
O t

VT1

VT3
i2 ud
T a
L t
ud O
u1 u2 Id
id
Power

b R iVT O Id
t
1,4
VT2

VT4

iVT O Id t
2,3

a) O t
i2 Id
O Id t
uVT
1,4

O t

b)
48
 AC side current harmonics of single-phase bridge
fully-controlled rectifier with inductive load
4 1 1
i2 I d (sin t sin 3 t sin 5 t )
3 5
4 1
Id sin n t 2 I n sin n t (3-72)
n 1,3,5, n n 1, 3, 5,

where
2 2Id
In n=1,3,5, (3-73)
Power

n
Conclusions
Only odd order harmonics exist
In 1/n
In / I1 = 1/n

49
 Power factor of single-phase bridge fully-
controlled rectifier with inductive load
Distortion factor
I1 2 2
n 0.9 (3-75)
I
Displacement factor

l1 cos 1 cos (3-76)

Power

Power factor
I1 2 2
l nl1 cos 1 cos 0.9 cos (3-77)
I

50
 Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
= 30u ub uc
ud1 a

O t1 t

ud2

ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac
Power

O t

id

O t
ia

O t
51
 AC side current harmonics of three-phase bridge
fully-controlled rectifier with inductive load
2 3 1 1 1 1
ia I d [sin t sin 5t sin 7t sin 11t sin 13t ]
5 7 11 13
2 3 2 3 1
I d sin t I d (1) k sin nt 2 I1 sin t (1) k 2 I n sin nt
n 6 k 1 n n 6 k 1
k 1, 2, 3 k 1, 2, 3
(3-79)
where 6
I1 Id


Power

I 6 I , n 6k 1, k 1,2,3, (3-80)
n n d
Conclusions
Only 6k1 order harmonics exist (k is positive integer)
In 1/n
In / I1 = 1/n
52
 Power factor of three-phase bridge fully-
controlled rectifier with inductive load
Distortion factor
I1 3
n 0.955 (3-81)
I
Displacement factor

l1 cos 1 cos
Power

(3-82)

Power factor
I1 3
l nl1 cos1 cos 0.955 cos (3-83)
I

53
 3.5.3 AC side harmonics and power factor of
capacitor-filtered uncontrolled rectifiers
Situation is a little complicated than rectifiers with
inductive load.
Some conclusions that are easy to remember:
Only odd order harmonics exist in single-phase
circuit, and only 6k1 (k is positive integer) order
harmonics exist in three-phase circuit.
Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic
Power

order increases.
Harmonics increases and power factor decreases as
capacitor increases.
Harmonics decreases and power factor increases as
inductor increases.

54
 3.5.4 Harmonic analysis of output voltage
and current

ud0 U d0 b
n mk
n cos nt ud

2 cos k
U d0 1 2 cos nt
n mk n 1

(3-85) 2 U2
Power

where
O t
m m m
U d0 2U 2 sin (3-86)
m 2
m
2 cos k
bn U d0 (3-87) Output voltage of m-pulse
n 1
2
rectifier when 0

55
 Ripple factor in the output voltage
Output voltage ripple factor
UR
gu (3-88)
U d0
where UR is the total RMS value of all the harmonic
components in the output voltage

(3-89)
UR U n2 U 2 U d02
n mk
Power

and U is the total RMS value of the output voltage

Ripple factors for rectifiers with different number of pulses

m 2 3 6 12
gu% 48.2 18.27 4.18 0.994 0

56
 Harmonics in the output current

id I d d
n mk
n cos( nt n ) (3-92)

where
U d0 E
Id (3-93)
R
Power

bn bn
dn (3-94)
zn R ( nL)
2 2

nL
n arctan (3-95)
R
57
 Conclusions for = 0
Only mk (k is positive integer) order harmonics exist
in the output voltage and current of m-pulse rectifiers

Magnitude of harmonics decreases as harmonic

order increases when m is constant.
Power

The order number of the lowest harmonics increases

as m increases. The corresponding magnitude of the
lowest harmonics decreases accordingly.

58
 For 0
Quantitative harmonic
analysis of output voltage
and current is very
complicated for 0. 0.3 n=6

2 U2L
cn
0.2
Power

As an example,
n=12
for 3-phase bridge 0.1
n=18
fully-controlled rectifier

c
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
ud U d n cos( nt n) /()
n 6 k
(3-96)
59
 3.6 High power controlled rectifier
3.6.1 Double-star controlled rectifier

3.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers

Power

60
 3.6.1 Double-star controlled rectifier
Circuit Waveforms When 0
ua ub uc
ud1

O t
1I
T ia 2 d
1I
a b c 6 d
Power

O uc' ua' ub' uc' t

ud2

iP n LP
n2 n1
O t
L
1I
a' b' c' u ia' 2 d
d 1I
R 6 d
VT5

VT3

VT1

VT4

VT6

VT2

id O t

Difference from 6-phase half-wave rectifier 61

 Effect of interphase reactor
(inductor, transformer)

ud1,ud2 u ' ua uc' ub ua' uc ub'

b
ua
1
u
2 P
n LP a)
O t1 t
n2- + - +n
1

iP ub' L
60
ud2 ud ud1 up
Power

VT 1 VT 6 R
b)
O t

360

up ud2 ud1 (3-97)

1 1 1
ud ud2 u p ud1 U p (ud1 ud2 ) (3-98)
2 2 2
62
 Quantitative analysis when = 0

3 6U 2 1 2 1
ud1 [1 cos 3t cos 6t cos 9t ] (3-99)
2 4 35 40

3 6U 2 1 2 1
ud2 [1 cos 3( t 60) cos 6( t 60) cos 9( t 60) ]
2 4 35 40
3 6U 2 1 2 1
[1 cos 3 t cos 6 t cos 9 t ] (3-100)
2 4 35 40
Power

3 6U 2 1 1
up [ cos 3t cos 9t ] (3-101)
2 2 20

3 6U 2 2
ud [1 cos 6t ] (3-102)
2 35

63

ud 30 u u ' ub ua' uc ub'
Waveforms a c

when > 0

O t
60 uc' ub ua' uc ub'
ud

Ud 1.17U 2 cos O
90
t
Power

ud uc' ub ua' uc ub'

O t

64
 Comparison with 3-phase half-wave
rectifier and 3-phase bridge rectifier

Voltage output capability

Same as 3-phase half-wave rectifier
Half of 3-phase bridge rectifier

Current output capability

Power

Twice of 3-phase half-wave rectifier

Twice of 3-phase bridge rectifier

Applications
Low voltage and high current situations
65
 3.6.2 Connection of multiple rectifiers

Larger output voltage:

series connection
To increase the
output capacity
Larger output current:
Connection
parallel connection
of multiple
Power

rectifiers

To improve the AC side current waveform

and DC side voltage waveform
 Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers
Parallel connection

1 LP 2
VT
T L
c1 c2

b1 b2
M
Power

a1 a2

12-pulse rectifier realized by

paralleled 3-phase bridge rectifiers
67
 Phase-shift connection of multiple rectifiers
Series connection
ia1 id
a1 ia1
Id
I a)
0 1 0 180 360t
u a1b1 I ia2
iab2 2 Id
iA L b) 3 Id
A
* 0 1 t
c1 b1 I
3 d
'
iab2 3
3 Id
2 3
1 c) 3 Id
Power

ud 0 t
a2 iA
* 2 3
B (1+ 3 )Id
C
iab2 3 R
c2 u a2b2
II II
d)
30 lagging * b2 0 3 3 t
3 Id (1+ 3 )Id

12-pulse rectifier realized by

series 3-phase bridge rectifiers
68
 Quantitative analysis of 12-pulse rectifier
Voltage
Average output voltage
Parallel connection: Ud 2.34U 2 cos
Series connection: U d 4.68U 2 cos
Output voltage harmonics
Only 12m harmonics exist
Power

Input (AC side) current harmonics

Only 12k1 harmonics exist

Connection of more 3-phase bridge rectifiers

Three: 18-pulse rectifier (20 phase difference)
Four: 24-pulse rectifier (15 phase difference)
69
 Sequential control of multiple
series-connected rectifiers
Id

VT12 VT11

VT14 VT13
u2 ud
i
L O +

VT22 VT21

VT24 VT23
ud b)
u2
i Id
2Id
Power

VT32 VT31 load

u2 VT34 VT33

c)

a)

Circuit and waveforms of series-connected

three single-phase bridge rectifiers
70
 3.7 Inverter mode operation of rectifiers
Review of DC generator-motor system
Power

EG EM EM EG
Id Id should be avoided
R R

71
 Inverter mode operation of rectifiers
Rectifier and inverter mode operation of single-phase
full-wave converter
VT1 VT1
1 L 1 L

u10 iVT iVT

0 1 id R 0 1 id R
ud ud
u20 VT2 VT2
Energy + -
Energy
M EM 2 M EM
2 iVT
iVT - 2 +
2
ud u10 u20 u10 ud u10 u20 u10

Power

Ud>EM

O t O t
Ud<EM

id id=iVT +iVT
1 2
id id=iVT +iVT
1 2
Id Id
iVT iVT iVT iVT iVT iVT
1 2 1 2 1 2
O t O t
a) b)

Ud EG EM Ud
Id Id
R R 72
 Necessary conditions for the inverter
mode operation of controlled rectifiers
There must be DC EMF in the load and the direction
of the DC EMF must be enabling current flow in
thyristors. (In other word EM must be negative if
taking the ordinary output voltage direction as
positive.)
Power

>90 so that the output voltage Ud is also negative.

EM > U d

73
 Inverter mode operation of
3-phase bridge rectifier
u2 ua ub uc ua ub uc ua ub uc ua ub

O t

= = 4 = 6
3
ud uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc uba uca ucb uab uac ubc
Power

t1 t2 t3
O t

= = 4 = 6
3

Inversion angle (extinction angle)

+ =180
74
 Inversion failure and minimum inversion angle
Possible reasons of LB VT
inversion failures a
iVT LB
1

VT 2 L
Malfunction of b
iVT
1
LB VT
2 3 id -
triggering circuit c
M EM
iVT ud
Failure in thyristors 3
+
Sudden dropout of AC o
source voltage ud ua ub uc ua ub
Power

Insufficient margin for

commutation of
O p t
thyristors

Minimum inversion
g > g g g
id
angle (extinction angle) iVT iVT iVT iVT iVT
3 1 2 3 1
min=+g+ 3-109 O t

75
 3.8 Realization of phase-control in
rectifier circuits
Object
How to timely generate triggering pulses with
adjustable phase delay angle

Constitution
Synchronous circuit
Power

Saw-tooth ramp generating and phase shifting

Pulse generating

Integrated gate triggering control circuits are very

widely used in practice.

76
 A typical gate triggering control circuit
R15
VD11~VD14
C7 + C 6
VD15
220V 36V B +15V
VD7 TP VD8
+15V
R18
RP2 R11 R12 R14
R9
VS R3 C3 R13 VD9
A
V5 R16
V1 VD4 C5
Power

R1 R10 VD6
I1c
V3 R6 V7
V4
R7
R4
VD1 VD2 C2 R17 V8
TS V6
R V2 R5 R8 C3
Q
VD10 VD5
uts C1 R2
up
RP1
Disable
uco -15V XY -15V
77
 Waveforms of the typical
gate triggering control circuit
Power
Power

78
 How to get synchronous voltage for the gate
triggering control circuit of each thyristor
uA uB uC

UAB
Ua
Usa - sc
U

TR TS -Usb Usb
Ub
Power

D,y 5-11
D,y 11 Usc
-Usa
ua ub uc - usa - usc usb Uc
- usb u sa usc

For the typical circuit on page 20, the synchronous voltage of the gate
triggering control circuit for each thyristor should be lagging 180 to the
corresponding phase voltage of that thyristor.
79