Sistem Transmisi

By :
Citra Devi M., ST., MT.

1
KONSEP SISTEM TRANSMISI

Loss & Gain

2
The attenuation or loss is a decrease between two points of
an electric, electromagnetic or acoustic power.

The attenuation is also the quantitative expression of a power

decrease expressed by the ratio of the values at two points
of a power or of a quantity related to power in a well-defined
manner.

This ratio is generally expressed in decibels.

Transmission loss
The ratio, expressed in decibels, of the transmitted power (Pt )
to the received power (Pr ):

L = 10 log (Pt / Pr ) dB
3
 The gain is the increase between two points of an electric,
electromagnetic or acoustic power.

The gain is also the quantitative expression of a power increase

expressed by the ratio of the values at two points of a power or
of a quantity related to power in a well-defined manner.

This ratio is generally expressed in decibels.

Antenna gain
Amplifier gain

4
 Antenna gain

the power required at the input of a loss free reference antenna

(P0) to the power supplied to the input of the given antenna
(Pa ) to produce, in a given direction, the same field strength or
the same power flux-density at the same distance in a given
direction (when not specified otherwise in the direction of
Maximum radiation).

G = 10 log (P0 / Pa ) dB

5
In transmission engineering, most often it would be rather
impractical to characterize the magnitude of signals directly by
a numerical value in volts or watts.

Instead, a logarithmic measure is used, expressed in "dB", to

characterize the signal magnitude in relation to some chosen
reference value.

Designations commonly used are "power level difference",

"voltage level difference", etc., all expressed in "dB".
A level difference from a standard situation is described simply
as "level".

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 The use of the decibel and
of relative levels
in speechband telecommunications
RECOMMENDATION ITU-T- G-100.1

USE OF THE DECIBEL AND THE

NEPER IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R V.574-4

7
Definition of the decibel

The bel (symbol B) expresses the ratio of two powers by the

decimal logarithm of this ratio.
This unit is not often used, having been replaced by the decibel
(symbol dB) which is one-tenth of a bel.

The decibel also may be used to express the ratio of two

field quantities, such as voltage, current, sound pressure,
electric field, charge velocity or density, the square of which in
linear systems is proportional to power.
To obtain the same numerical value as a power ratio, the
logarithm of the field quantity ratio is multiplied by the factor 20,
assuming that the impedances are equal.

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 Daya, Tegangan dan Arus

Daya = Tegangan x Arus

Satuan :
Daya : Watt , Tegangan : Volt , Arus : Ampere (Amp)
P=VxI
V=IxR
dimana R : tahanan, Ohm ()

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P1 and P2 are two powers, their ratio expressed in decibels is:

10 log (P1 / P2) dB

If P1 and P2 represent the powers dissipated by currents I1
and I2 in resistances R1 and R2:

Comparing two voltages, V1 volts and V2 volts, V1 is said to be

at an L dB higher (voltage) level than V2,

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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (1)
Gain
dB Power Ratio Voltage Ratio

0 1.00 1.00
1 1.26 1.12
2 1.58 1.26
3 2.00 1.41
4 2.51 1.58
5 3.16 1.78
6 3.98 2.00
7 5.01 2.24
8 6.31 2.51
9 7.94 2.82
10 10.00 3.16
20 100.00 10.00
30 1000.00 31.62
40 10000.00 100.00

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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (2)
Loss
dB Power Ratio Voltage Ratio

0 1.0000 1.0000
1 0.7943 0.8913
2 0.6310 0.7943
3 0.5012 0.7079
4 0.3981 0.6310
5 0.3162 0.5623
6 0.2512 0.5012
7 0.1995 0.4467
8 0.1585 0.3981
9 0.1259 0.3548
10 0.1000 0.3162
20 0.0100 0.1000
30 0.0010 0.0316
40 0.0001 0.0100

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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (3)
dB
Ratio Power Voltage

1 0.00 0.00
2 3.01 6.02
4 6.02 12.04
8 9.03 18.06
10 10.00 20.00
16 12.04 24.08
32 15.05 30.10
64 18.06 36.12
100 20.00 40.00
128 21.07 42.14
256 24.08 48.16
512 27.09 54.19
1000 30.00 60.00

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14
Absolute power level :

The absolute power level is the ratio,

generally expressed in decibels, between
the power of a signal at a point in a
transmission channel and a specified
reference power.

It should be specified in every case whether

the power is real or apparent.

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 It is necessary for the reference power to be
indicated by a symbol:
when the reference power is one watt, the
absolute power level is expressed in
decibels relative to one watt and the
symbol dBW is used;
when the reference power is one milliwatt,
the absolute power level is expressed in
decibels relative to one milliwatt and the
symbol dBm is used.

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 Contoh
dBm = 10 Log ( power ratio ) dg ref. 1 mW
dBm = 10 Log ( power / 1mW )
dBW = 10 Log ( power ratio ) dg ref. 1 W
dBW = 10 Log ( power / 1W )
power output = 20 W
= 10 Log (20W/1W)
= 13 dBW
= 10 Log (20.000mW/1mW) = 43 dBm

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dBm, dBW, Watt & milliWatt

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 Voltage & Current Ratio

dB(Voltage) = 20 Log ( ratio voltage )

dB(Current) = 20 Log ( ratio current )

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Absolute voltage level
The absolute voltage level is the ratio, generally expressed in
decibels, of the voltage of a signal at a point in a transmission
channel to a specified reference voltage.

The nature of the voltage in question, e.g. r.m.s. value, should

be specified in every case.

A reference voltage with an r.m.s. of 0.775 volt is generally

adopted which corresponds to a 1 milliwatt power dissipated
in a resistance of 600 ohms, since 600 ohms represents a rough
approximation to the characteristic impedance of certain
balanced telephone lines.

The absolute voltage level is then expressed in dB.

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 If the impedance at the terminals of which the voltage U1 is
measured, is in fact 600 ohms, the absolute voltage level
thus defined, corresponds to the absolute power level with
respect to 1 milliwatt, and so the number N exactly represents
the level in decibels with respect to 1 milliwatt (dBm).

Lu = 20 log (U1 / U2 ) dB
Lp = 10 log (P1 / P2 ) dBm

If the impedance at the terminals of which the voltage U1 is

measured, is R ohms, N equals the number of dBm increased
by the quantity 10 log (R/600).

Lu = Lp + 10 log (R / 600)

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 dBmV

Digunakan pada transmisi video

Tegangan ( Voltage ) referensi = 1 mVolt
pada beban 75 Ohm
dBmV = 20 Log ( tegangan/1 mVolt )

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dBmV

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Absolute level of an electromagnetic field

The strength of an electromagnetic field can be expressed

by a power flux-density (P / A), by an electric field-strength
E or by a magnetic field-strength H.
The absolute field-strength level LE is the logarithm of the
ratio of E and a reference field-strength, usually 1 V/m.
It is usually expressed in decibels.

LE = 20 log (E / E0) dB(V/m)

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Power density
Definition:
Quotient of a power by another quantity, for example, an area,
a bandwidth, a temperature.

NOTE 1 :

The quotient of a power by an area is called power flux-density

(puissance surfacique) and is commonly expressed in
watts per square metre (symbol: W m2 or W/m2).

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The quotient of a power by a frequency bandwidth is called
power spectral density and can be expressed in watts per
hertz (symbol: W Hz1 or W/Hz).

It can also be expressed with a unit involving a bandwidth

characteristic of the technique concerned,
for example :

1 kHz or 4 kHz in analogue telephony,

1 MHz in digital transmission or in television;

the power spectral density is then expressed in

watts per kilohertz (W/kHz) or in watts per 4 kHz (W/4 kHz)
or even in watts per megahertz (W/MHz).

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The quotient of a power by a temperature, used particularly in
the case of noise powers, has no specific name.

It is usually expressed as watts per kelvin

(symbol: W K1 or W/K).

NOTE 2 :

In some cases a combination of several types of power densities

can be used, for example a spectral power flux-density which
is expressed as watts per square metre and per hertz
(symbol: W m2 Hz1 or W/(m2 Hz)).

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Absolute power density level
Definition :
Expression in logarithmic form, usually in decibels, of the ratio
between the power density at a given point and a reference
power density.

NOTE 1 :

For example, if one watt per square metre is chosen as the

reference power flux-density, the absolute power flux-density
levels are expressed as decibels with respect to one watt per
square metre (symbol: dB(W/m2)).

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Similarly, if one watt per hertz is chosen as the spectral
reference power density, the absolute spectral power density
levels are expressed as decibels with respect to one watt per
hertz (symbol: dB(W/Hz)).

If one watt per kelvin is chosen as the reference for power

density per unit temperature, the absolute power density levels
per temperature unit are expressed as decibels with respect to
one watt per kelvin (symbol: dB(W/K)).

This notation can easily be extended to combined densities.

For example,
the absolute spectral density levels of the fluxdensity are
expressed as decibels with respect to one watt per square
metre and per hertz for which the symbol is: dB(W/(m2 Hz).
Some examples are: dB(W/(m2 MHz) and dB(W/(m2 4 kHz).
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 Sound pressure level
This is the logarithm, generally expressed in decibels, of the
ratio of sound pressure and a reference pressure, often
20 Pa.

Lp = 20 log ( p / p0) dB(20 Pa)

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Contoh contoh perhitungan
Konsep transmisi
( Loss & Gain )

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attenuation, loss :
1. A decrease between two points of an electric, electromagnetic
or acoustic power.
2. The quantitative expression of a power decrease, by the ratio
of the values at two points of a power or of a quantity related to
power in a well-defined manner.

NOTE 1 : By extension, the words attenuation or loss may represent the

ratio of powers in a given situation and in a reference condition;
for example insertion loss.
NOTE 2 : Although the term loss is not synonymous in English with
attenuation in every context, it is used to express the ratio of two
powers in certain specified conditions as for example in insertion
loss and return loss equivalent in French to
affaiblissement d'insertion and facteur d'adaptation.
NOTE 3 : Attenuation is generally expressed in logarithmic units by a positive
value.
In some cases, attenuation could be used instead of gain, when
the logarithmic unit value of a gain is negative.
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Gain :

1. An increase between two points of an electric, electromagnetic,

or acoustic power.
2. The quantitative expression of a power increase, by the ratio of
the values at two points of a power or of a quantity related to
power in a well-defined manner.

NOTE 1 : By extension, the word gain may represent the ratio of

powers in a given situation and in a reference condition;
for example the gain of an antenna.
NOTE 2 : Gain is generally expressed in logarithmic units by a positive
or negative value. When a gain has a negative value in
logarithmic units, attenuation may be used instead of gain.

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 LOSS

1000 Watt 1 Watt

Kabel
Input Output

Loss (dB ) = 10 Log(power ratio) =

= 10 Log(output/input) =
= 10 Log ( 1 / 1.000 ) =
= 10x(-3) = -30 dB
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 LOSS

1000 Watt
Kabel
Input Output = ?

Loss = 10 dB = 10 x
Power Output = Power Input : Loss
= 1.000 Watt : 10 = 100 Watt

Power Output = Power Input - Loss

= 30 dBW - 10 = 20 dBW

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 GAIN (PENGUATAN)

1 Watt 2 Watt
Amplifier
Input Output

Gain (dB ) = 10 Log(power ratio) =

= 10 Log(output/input) =
= 10 Log ( 2 / 1 ) = 10 x 0,3013
= 3,013 dB = 3 dB

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 GAIN (PENGUATAN)

1 Watt
Amplifier
Input Output =?
Gain = 6 dB = 4 x
Power Output = Power Input x Gain
Power Input = 1 Watt = 30 dBm
Power Output = 1 Watt x 4 = 4 Watt
Power Output = Power Input + Gain
= 30 + 6 = 36 dBm
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Model Sistem Komunikasi Listrik

PowerOutput :
1 mW = Loss Power Input :
0 dBm 10 dB - 10 dBm

Media
Pemancar Penerima
Transmisi

Wire / Kawat / Kabel

Wireless / Radio
Fiber Optik

38
 Model Sistem Pemancar

Power Input
Power Output
27 dBW Gain = 10 dB
1 kW = 30 dBW
Loss = 3 dB
Pemancar Antena

Wire / Kawat /Kabel / Effective

Kabel Koaxial Radiated
Power
(ERP) :
37 dBW

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effective radiated power (e.r.p.) (in a given direction )
The product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain
relative to a half-wave dipole in a given direction.

Note :
The reference antenna, when fed with a power of 1 kW,
is considered to radiate an e.r.p. of 1 kW in any direction in
the equatorial plane and produces a field strength of 222 mV/m
at 1 km distance.

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equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) :
The product of the power supplied to the antenna and
the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic
antenna (absolute or isotropic gain).

Note :
The isotropic antenna, when fed with a power of 1 kW, is
considered to provide an e.i.r.p. of 1 kW in all directions and
to produce a field strength of 173 mV/m at 1 km distance.

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Model Sistem Pemancar & Penerima

ERP : 68 dBm Loss = 100 dB -32 dBm

Gain Gain
10 dB Wireless / Radio 10 dB

Loss = 2 dB Loss = 3 dB

Power
Pemancar Input = Penerima
-25 dBm
Power Output
1 kW = 60 dBm

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 Series Network

G L G
3 dB 5 dB 3 dB

S N1 N2 N3 T
10dBm
13 8 11
dBm dBm dBm

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 Macam macam Media Transmisi

Media Transmisi Kabel : Media Transmisi Radio :

Pasangan Kabel Tembaga
Kabel Coaxial / bawah laut Radio Jarak Pendek
Fiber Optik Radio Troposcater
Radio Microwave
Satelit
 Saluran / Jaringan Lokal
Saluran yang menghubungkan pesawat pelanggan dengan
Main Distribution Point disentral telepon.
Panjang kabel terbatas mempertimbangkan kepuasan
pelanggan
Semakin panjang kabel maka redaman semakin besar.
Suara yang diterima harus dapat terdengar jelas ( tidak keras dan
tidak lemah ).
kemampuan sistem signaling (sinyal sinyal untuk pembangunan
hubungan )
 Macam-macam Saluran / Jaringan Lokal

Saluran Lokal kabel tembaga.

Saluran Lokal radio

Saluran Lokal kabel fiber optik.

 Pasangan Jaringan Lokal Kabel Tembaga

Kabel tembaga

Mux Mod /Tx rx/dem Demux

Terdiri dari sepasang kabel dengan berbagai ukuran

diamter
Redamannya besar tergantung pada diamternya
Biasa digunakan untuk jarak pendek
Kapasitas yang disalurkan kecil
Jar lok at = Jaringan lokal akses tembaga
Sentral

RK K
A
CTL (catuan langsung) N
T
PRIMAIR(100 1600 pair) RK O
R
RK (200 pelanggan) A
N
SECUNDAIR

KP 10 20 plg KP KP
saluran penanggal max 250 m . Semua kabel
berdiameter 0,6 mm.
Contoh JARLOKAT Rumah
 Masalah masalah dalam Jar lok at

Sambungan kabel
Satu gulung kabel ( haspel ) primair max 100 m
Digelar digorong gorong jalan ( kabel bawah tanah)
Perlu penyambungan yang dilakukan dalam Man Hole
Man Hole akan terendam air, maka penyambungan harus baik dan
terlindung( kedap air ). kalau tidak akan cross talk.
Ada pompa udara dari sentral kedalam kabel primair
Masalah saluran penanggal
Kena benang layang - layang luka, kena udara , karat dan putus.
Saluran penanggal diperkuat oleh kawat besi.
 Redaman dalam Jar lok at

Melalui kabel lokal disalurkan

suara manusia (0,3 3,4 KHz)
sinyal sinyal signaling ( bell/DC)
Redaman kabel DC RDC= (0,4/d)2.280 /km
dari sentral ke pelanggan maksimum 1700 ohm + 300 ohm untuk tahanan
bell . Sering disdebut tahanan jerat

7.5 dB 14 dB 7.5 dB
30dB
 Contoh perhitungan Jar lok At

Rdc=(0.4/0.6)2.280 /km=124 /km (kabel 0.6 mm)

Maksimum 1700 > 124 .
<1700 /124=13,7km Max 1700
48 volt
300

Redaman AC ( suara ) = 1,4 d2 3,6 d + 2,8

=1.4X0,62 3.6 X 0.6 + 2.8 =1.15 dB/km
Jarak maksimum 7,5 dB > 1,15 . <6,6 km

Maka jarak jangkau sentral maksimum = 6,6 km

 Saluran lokal akses radio (jarlokar)
menara
Contoh: antena line radio
Mobile stat ion ( GSM / Flexi sentral penerima
dll ) R radio di
B rumah
WLL(Wireless Local Loop) S +
pesawat tlp.
Jarak jangkau : RBS=Radio Base Station
2 s/d 4 km ( urban perkotaan )
s/d 10 km ( non urban pedesaan )
Keuntungan menggunakan Jarlokar:
- Mudah pemeliharaan dan cepat pemasangan
- pelanggan flexible dan dapat pindah( Fixed or mobile)
- biaya operasi / investasi rendah
- Bagus untuk daerah yang baru
- sentral dapat bergabung dengan lokal biasa dan
bisa juga berdiri sendiri.
Kelemahan : kapasitas terbatas tidak untuk kecepatan tinggi dan kehandalan
lebih rendah dari Jarlokat.
 SISTEM JARLOKAR
a. Sistem Radio kanal tunggal

SUBCRIBER
RADIO TERMINAL Telephone
BASE STATION
SENTRAL LOKAL
(lOCAL EXCHANGE)
RADIO TOWER
(ANTENA)

HANDHLED

b. Sistem Radio kanal banyak

Telephone

BASE STATION BASE STATION

SENTRAL LOKAL
(lOCAL EXCHANGE)
RADIO TOWER RADIO TOWER
(ANTENA) (ANTENA)

Telephone
c. Sistem radio multi akses

Telephone

Telephone

SUBCRIBER
RADIO TERMINAL
BASE STATION
SENTRAL LOKA L
(lOCAL EXCHANGE)
RADIO TOWER
(ANTENA) Telephone

Telephone

REPEATER
Telephone