Chapter 7

Code of Ethics for

Professional
Accountants in the
Philippines
Activity before discussion: Watch videos of
1. Report: Lehman Brothers used illegal accounting trick to hide debt 10:57
2. How Lehman Brothers collapsed? - 2:50
3. Enron Scandal - 2:42
4. Worldcom What went wrong? 4:49
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 Objectives of Code of Professional Ethics

1) to ensure high standards of competence

among a groups member,
2) to regulate and strengthen their
relationships, and
3) to promote and protect the image of the
profession and the welfare of the
community.

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 Common Characteristics of Professions
(a) Responsibility to serve the public
The CPA is a representative of the public-creditors, stockholders, consumers,
employees, and others in the financial reporting process. The role of the
independent attester is to ensure that information is fair to all parties.
(b) Complex body of knowledge
Any practitioner or student of accounting has only to look at the abundance of
authoritative pronouncements governing financial reports to realize that
accounting is a complex body of knowledge.
(c ) Standards of Admission to the Profession
Attaining license to practice as a CPA requires an individual to meet minimum
standards for education and experience.
(d) Need for Public Confidence
To the CPA, public confidence is of special significance. The CPAs product is
credibility. Without public confidence in the attestor, the attest function serves
no useful purpose.

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 Part A. - establishes the fundamental
principles of professional ethics for
professional accountants and provides
a conceptual framework for applying
those principles. This also provides
guidance on fundamental ethical
principles.

Part B and C - illustrate

how conceptual framework is to Part B. - applies
Code of Ethics for be applied in specific situations. to professional
Professional It provides examples of accountants in
Accountants in the safeguards that may be public practice.
appropriate to address threats
Philippines to compliance with the
fundamental principles and also
provides examples of situations
where safeguards are not
available to address the threats
and consequently the activity or Part C. -
relationship creating the threats applies to
should be avoided. professional
accountants in
business.

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 Integrity
A professional accountant should be straightforward and
Part A honest in all professional and business relationships.

Objectivity
A professional accountant should not allow bias, conflict of
interest or undue influence of others to override
professional or business judgments.

Professional Competence and Due Care

A professional accountant has a continuing duty to
Fundamental maintain professional knowledge and skill at the level
required . He should act diligently and in accordance with

Principles applicable technical and professional standards when

providing professional services.

Confidentiality
A professional accountant should respect the
confidentiality of information acquired as a result of
professional and business relationships and should not
disclose any such information to third parties.

Professional Behavior
A professional accountant should comply with relevant
laws and regulations and should avoid any action that
discredits the profession. 5
Part A-Fundamental Self-interest threats
occur as a result of the financial or other interests of a
Principles professional accountant or of an immediate or close
family member.

Self-review threats
occur when a previous judgment needs to be re-evaluated
by the professional accountant responsible for that
judgment.

Advocacy threats
Threats and occur when a professional accountant promotes a position
or opinion to the point that subsequent objectivity may be
Safeguards compromised.

Familiarity threats
occur when because of a close relationship, a
professional accountant becomes too sympathetic to the
interests of others.

Intimidation threats
occur when a professional accountant may be deterred
from acting objectively by threats, actual or perceived.
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 Part A - Fundamental RELEVANT FACTS
Principles

ETHICAL ISSUES INVOLVED

Parts of the
Resolution Process FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
RELATED TO THE MATTER
to be considered by IN QUESTION
CPA in case of
Ethical Conflicts
ESTABLISHED INTERNAL
PROCEDURES

ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF
ACTION
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Part B Professional
Accountants in Public Practice
Safeguards used by
CPAs in public
practice to eliminate
or reduce the
threats to an
acceptable level
Acquiring an appropriate understanding of the
nature of the clients business, the complexity of its
operations and the nature and scope of work to be
performed.
Acquiring knowledge of relevant industries or subject
matters.
Processing or obtaining experience with relevant
regulatory or reporting requirements.
Assigning sufficient staff with the necessary
competencies.
Using experts where necessary.
Agreeing on a realistic time frame for the
performance of the engagement.
Complying with quality control policies and
procedures designed to provide reasonable
assurance that specific engagements are accepted
only when they can be performed completely.
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Part B Professional
Accountants in Public Practice
Safeguards applied
by CPAs in case of
conflicts of interests
Notifying the client of the firms
business interest or activities that
may represent a conflict of interest,
and obtaining their consent to act in
such circumstances; or
Notifying all known relevant parties
that the professional accountant in
public practice is acting fro two or
more parties in respect of a matter
where their respective interests are
in conflict, and obtaining their
consent to so act; or
Notifying the client that the
professional accountant in public
practice does not act exclusively
for any one client in the provision
of proposed services.
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 Factors to be taken into
Part B-CPAs in Public Practice account in connection with
fees charged for assurance
engagements:
Making the client
aware of the
terms of the
engagement the skill and knowledge
and, in required for the type of work
particular, the involved.
basis on which
Safeguards
fees are charged the level of training and
adopted by and which experience of the persons
CPAs as to the services are necessarily engaged on the
level of fees covered by the work
quoted and the quoted fee.
services to
the time necessarily occupied
which it applies
Assigning by each person engaged on
appropriate time the work
and qualified
staff to the task.
the degree of responsibility
and urgency that the work
entails. 10
 Part B Professional Keep such assets
Accountants in Public Practice separately from personal
or firm assets.

Use such assets only for

the purpose for which they
are intended.
Safeguards applied
by CPAs in the At all times, be ready to
custody of client account for those assets,
assets and any income,
dividends or gain
generated, to any persons
entitled to such
accounting.

Comply with all holding of

and accounting for such
assets.

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 Part B Professional Withdrawing from the
Accountants in Public Practice engagement team.

Supervisory procedures.

Safeguards applied
Terminating the financial or
by CPAs in the business relationship giving rise
fundamental to the threat.
principle of
Discussing the issue with higher
objectivity levels of management within the
firm.

Discussing the issue with those

charged with governance of the
client.

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 Independence in Mind
The state of mind that permits the
expression of a conclusion
without being affected by
influences that compromise
professional judgment, allowing
an individual to act with integrity,
and exercise objectivity and
professional skepticism.

Independence Independence in Appearance

The avoidance of facts and
circumstances that are so
significant that a reasonable and
informed third party, having
knowledge of all relevant
information, including safeguards
applied, would reasonably
conclude a firms, or a member of
the assurance teams integrity,
objectivity or professional
skepticism had been compromised.
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Assertion-based Assurance Engagements

In an assertion-based assurance engagement, the

evaluation or measurement of the subject matter
is performed by the responsible party, and the
subject matter information is in the form of an
assertion by the responsible party that is made
available to the intended users.

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 Direct Reporting Assurance Engagements

In a direct reporting assurance engagement, the

professional accountant in public practice either
directly performs the evaluation or measurement
of the subject matter, or obtains a representation
from the responsible party that has performed
the evaluation or measurement that is not
available to the intended users. The subject
matter information is provided to the intended
users in the assurance report.

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 Part C - Professional Accountants Obtaining additional advice or
in Business
training.

Ensuring that there is adequate

time available for performing the
relevant duties.

Safeguards applied
Obtaining assistance from
by CPAs in someone with necessary expertise.
business when
acting with
Sufficient Expertise
Consulting, where appropriate,
with:
Superiors within the employing
organization;
Independent experts; or
A relevant professional body

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 Definitions
Advertising
The communication to the public of information as to the services or
skills provided by professional accountants in public practice with a
view to procuring professional business.

Assurance client
The responsible party that is the person (or persons) who:
(a) In a direct reporting engagement, is responsible for the subject
matter; or
(b) In an assertion-based engagement, is responsible for
the subject matter information and may be responsible
for the subject matter.

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 Definitions (continued)
Assurance engagement
An engagement in which a professional accountant in public
practice expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of
confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party
about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject
matter against criteria.

Assurance team
(a) All professionals participating in the assurance engagements;
(b) All others within a firm who can directly influence the outcome of
the assurance engagement.

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 Definitions (continued)
Clearly insignificant
A matter that is deemed to be both trivial and inconsequential.

Close family
A parent, child or sibling, who is not an immediate family member.

Contingent fee
A fee calculated on a predetermined basis relating to the outcome or
result of a transaction or the result of the work performed.

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 Definitions (continued)
Direct financial interests
A financial interest:
- owned directly by and under the control of an individual or entity; or
- beneficially owned through a collective investment vehicle, estate, trust or
other intermediary over which individual or entity has control.

Director or officer
Those charged with the governance of an entity, regardless of their title,
which may vary from country to country.

Engagement partner
The partner or other person in the firm who is responsible for the
engagement and its performance, and for the report that is issued on
behalf of the firm, and who, where required, has the appropriate authority
from a professional, legal or regulatory body.

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 Definitions (continued)
Engagement quality control review
A process designed to provide an objective evaluation, before the
report is issued, of the significant judgments the engagement team
made and the conclusions they reached in formulating the report.

Engagement team
All personnel performing an engagement, including any experts
contracted by the firm in connection with that engagement.

Existing accountant
A professional accountant in public practice currently holding an
audit appointment or carrying out accounting, taxation, consulting or
similar professional services for a client.

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 Definitions (continued)
Financial interest
An interest in an equity or other security, debenture, loan or other
debt instrument or an entity, including rights and obligations to
acquire such an interest and derivatives directly related to such
interest.

Financial statements
The balance sheets, income statements or profits and loss
accounts, statements of changes in financial position, notes and
other statements and explanatory material which are identified as
being part of the FS.

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 Definitions (continued)
Financial statement audit client
An entity in respect of which a firm conducts a financial statement
audit engagement.

Financial statement audit engagement

A reasonable assurance engagement in which a professional
accountant in public practice expresses an opinion whether the FS
are prepared in all material respects in accordance with an identified
financial reporting framework.

Immediate family
A spouse (or equivalent) or dependent

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 Definitions (continued)
Listed entity
An entity whose shares, stock or debt are quoted or listed on a
recognized stock exchange, or are marketed under the regulations
of a recognized stock exchange or other equivalent body.

Network
A larger structure:
(a) That is aimed at co-operation, and
(b) That is clearly aimed at profit or cost sharing or shares common
ownership, control or management, common quality control policies
and procedures, common business strategy, the use of a common
brand-name, or a significant part of professional resources.

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 Definitions (continued)
Network firm
A firm or entity that belongs to a network.

Office
A distinct sub-group, whether organized on a geographical or
practice lines.

Professional accountant
An individual who holds a valid certificate issued by the Board of
Accountancy, whether he/she be in public practice, industry,
commerce, the public sector or education.

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 Definitions (continued)
Professional accountant in public practice
A sole proprietorship or each partner or person occupying a position
similar to that of a partner and each staff in a practice providing
professional services to a client irrespective of their functional
classification and professional accountants in a practice having
managerial responsibilities.

Professional services
Services requiring accountancy or related skills performed by a
professional accountant including accounting, auditing, taxation,
management consulting and financial management services.

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 Definitions (continued)
Publicity
The communication to the public of facts about a professional
accountant which are not designed for the deliberate promotion of
that professional accountant.

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 The following shall not be allowed on
advertising and promotions for the practice
of accountancy in the Philippines:
a. Self-laudatory statements
b. Discrediting, disparaging, or attacking other firms or CPA
practitioners
c. Referring to, using or citing actual or purported testimonials by third
parties
d. Publishing and comparing fees with other CPAs or CPA firms or
comparing those services with those provided by another firm or
CPA practitioner
e. Giving too much emphasis on competitive differences
f. Using words or phrases which are hard to define and even more
difficult to substantiate objectively
g. Publishing services in billboard (e.g., tarpaulin, streamers, etc.)

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 The following examples are illustrative of
circumstances in which publicity is acceptable:
a. Awards
b. Professional accountants seeking employment or professional business
c. Directories
d. Books, articles, interviews, lectures, radio and television appearances
e. Training courses, seminars, etc.
f. Booklets and documents containing technical information
g. Staff recruitment
h. Publicity on behalf of client
i. Brochures and firm directories
j. Stationery and nameplates
k. Announcements
l. Inclusion of the name of the professional accountant in public practice in a
document issued by client Activity: Watch video on
m. Anniversaries 1. Ethics and Rules of Professional Conduct
n. Websites for Auditors 12:49
2. Enron The Smartest Guys in the Room
1:49:19
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