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EVOLUTION OF EARTH

DEFINITION OF LIFE

A regime that contains a hereditary program


for defining and directing molecular
mechanisms that actively extract matter and
energy from the environment with the aid of
which matter and energy are converted into
building blocks for its own maintenance and if
possible, reproduction

- Fred Spire
Around 4.4 billion years ago, the first seas formed, wherein a soup of
chemicals formed in them and also in the atmosphere.
The first chemicals that were present in the seas and in the
atmosphere are the following:

Nitrogen
Nitrogen Oxide
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Sulfide
+ Heat and Lightning

Small organic molecules


What did the early life look like?

History was made by a single-cell organisms


called Prokaryotes. Some of those Prokaryotes
evolved about 1.7 billion years ago into slightly
bigger single-celled organisms called
Eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes

They lived in the seas and ate chemicals in their


surrounding environment.
Theyre also distant relatives of the modern
bacteria that are everywhere.
Made their grand entrance between 3.9 and 5.5
billion years ago in the Archaean Eon.
From 3.5 to 2.1 billion years ago, these
Prokaryotes were all alone on Earth

But the, the amount of oxygen in the


atmosphere suddenly shot up in a very
short period of time. This oxygen was
most likely produced by a brand new
Prokaryote, called Cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria

Figured out how to make its own food through Photosynthesis.


The more cyanobacteria were out there, the higher the atmospheric
concentration of oxygen.
Eukaryotes

Evolved somewhere between 1.6 and 2


billion years ago.
Contained organelles, like cellular organs
that enhanced their abilities.

About 1.5 billion years ago, single-celled


organisms split in two, or cloned, with no
need to find a partner for DNA exchange.
Where did these complex single-celled
organisms came from?
PANSPERMIA THEORY
-states that life may have evolved elsewhere
in the solar system and then have been
transported here by an asteroid, ehich seeded the
earth.

In 1950s, James Watson, Francis Crick, Mauris Wilkins, and


Rosalind Franklin discovered how living cells replicate using
DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA
Is a double-stranded molecule that contains a
list of orders for how it wants a living cell to be
constructed.

RNA
A single-strand molecule that reads the
program orders from the DNA and sets
in motion the production of the proteins
necessary to accomplish them.
Where did the DNA and RNA came
from?
RNA WORLD HYPOTHESIS
postulates that there mightve been an
earlier version of just RNA, which was
capable of both coding and self-replicating,
and out of which separate and more
complex structures evolved, DNA.

DNA REPLICATION
an amazing, flabbergasting process that allows
life to copy itself and sustain its own complexity.
But even if it copies a living organism with
stunning precision, once every billion copies or
so, there is an error. These errors result in slight
mutation.
On the scale of
million of years, these
copying errors are the
engine of evolution
and the origin of new
species.

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