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Chapter 3
CREATIVITY AND
INNOVATION
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PHASES OF CREATIVE PROCESS
Phase 1: Background or Knowledge Accumulation
Involves seeking and gathering of information through
observations, readings, conversations with others, attending
seminars, meetings and workshops, etc.
Phase 2: The Incubation Process
Entrepreneurs deliberately allows creativity to spur by breaking-
away from the problem and let the subconscious mind work on it.
Phase 3: The Idea Experience
Discovery of the idea or solutions to the problems (eureka factor).
Phase 4: Evaluation and Implementation
Evaluation and implementation of workable ideas requires high
level of persistency and patience. Entrepreneurs do not easily
give-up when they face obstacles.
Source:
Adopted from Entrepreneurship A Contemporary Approach, Donald F. Kuratko and Richard M.Hodgetts,
5th Ed. Harcourt, 2001 8
COMPONENTS OF CREATIVITY
a. Creative Thinking Skills
The use of creative intelligence to approach
problems and find solutions
b. Knowledge
Four styles of creative intelligence:
Intuitive
Innovative
Imaginative
Inspirational
c. Motivation
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
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COMMON CREATIVITY
TECHNIQUES
1. Brainstorming (Alex F. Osborn)
2. SCAMMPERR (Micheal Michalko)
3. Lateral Thinking (Edward De Bono)
4. Mind Mapping (Tony Buzan)
5. Problem Reversal (Charles Thompson)
6. Attribute Listing
Source:
Adopted from http://www.mycoted.com/Category:Creativity_Techniques
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1. Brainstorming (Alex F. Osborn )
Organize the group of ideally 4-8 students (per group).
Choose the topic (problem) and write it on a whiteboard. Lecturer
must make sure that everyone understands the problem or issue.
Remember the rules:
i. Do not criticize. All ideas are welcome and valid.
ii. Do not limit the number of ideas. The aim of brainstorming is
to get large number of ideas.
iii. Do not filter/censor any ideas. Keep the brainstorming
session flowing.
iv. Listen to other ideas and use it to generate other ideas.
v. Do not discuss or question as it could stop the flow of ideas.
The lecturer can conduct the session either in an unstructured way
(any group can give ideas at any time) or structure (going round the
group for ideas).
The lecturer must be around to enforce the rules and write down all
the ideas.
Lecturer should clarify and conclude the session.
Lecturer should get a consensus of the best ideas produced from the
session (at least two). 11
2. SCAMMPERR (Micheal Michalko)
A checklist that could assists students to imagine various changes
they can make to an existing products/things to create a new one.
SCAMMPERR stands for:
S: Substitute - components, materials, people
C: Combine - mix, combine with other assemblies or services,
integrate
A: Adapt - alter, change function, use part of another element
M: Magnify - Make it enormous, longer, higher, overstated, added
features
M: Modify - increase or reduce in scale, change shape, modify
attributes (e.g. colour)
P: Put to another use
E: Eliminate - remove elements, simplify, reduce to core
functionality
R: Rearrange - change the order, interchange components, change
the speed or other pattern.
R: Reverse - turn inside out or upside down.
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Students can use these changes as starting points for Lateral Thinking
3. Lateral Thinking (Edward de Bono)
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4. Mind Mapping (Tony Buzan)
Also called spider diagrams which represents ideas,
notes, information etc. in far-reaching tree-diagrams.
To draw a mind-map:
Put down a large sheet of paper and write a short heading
for the subject/theme in the centre of the page.
For each major sub-topic start a new major branch from the
central subject/theme and label it.
Each sub-sub-topic, creates a subordinate branch to the
appropriate main branch
Carry on in this way for ever finer sub-branches.
It may be appropriate to put an item in more than one place,
cross-link it to several other items or show relationships
between items on different branches. This can be done
through colour coding, type of writing etc.
14
5. Problem Reversal (Charles Thompson)
The Method
a. Create negative statements. For example, in dealing with Customer Service
issues, ask students to generate a list of all the ways to make customer
service bad.
b. Doing what everybody else doesn't. For example, food delivery using
mangkuk tingkat or selling women accessories using vending machine.
c. Make a list of pairs of opposing actions which can be applied to the problem.
Make students ask themselves "What if I ........" and plug in each one of the
opposites. A small sample:-
i. Stretch it/Shrink It
ii. Freeze it/Melt it
iii.Personalise it/De-personalise it
d. Change the direction or location of your perspective.
e. Flip-flop the results. For example, if we want to increase sales, think about
decreasing them. What would you have to do?
f. Turn defeat into victory or victory into defeat. For example, if something turns
out bad, think about the positive aspects of the situation. If I lost all of the files
off this computer, what good would come out of it? Maybe I would spend more
time with my family?! Who knows!
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6. Attribute Listing
Steps:
a. Identify the product or process you are dissatisfied with or wish
to improve.
b. List its attributes. For a simple physical object like a pen, this
might include: material, shape, target market, colours, textures,
etc.
c. Choose, say, 7-8 of these attributes that seem particularly
interesting or important.
d. Identify alternative ways to achieve each attribute (e.g. different
shapes: cylindrical cubic, multi-faceted.), either by
conventional enquiry, or via any idea-generating technique.
e. Combine one or more of these alternative ways of achieving the
required attributes, and see if you can come up with a new
approach to the product or process you were working on.
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7. BLOCKS TO CREATIVITY
Blockages to creativity need to be recognized
and eliminated so that it will smooth the way
to creativity.
a. Perceptual Blocks
Prevent problem recognition, limiting the
problem.
Inability to see problems from different
perspectives
Stereotyping, missing the connections or
associations
Not thinking outside the box
Literal thinking
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b. Emotional Blocks
Fear of failure can paralyse us if we think what
we are doing wont be good enough. Will lead to
procrastination and project abandonment.
Most blockages are attitudinal or psychological.
Inability to incubate can lead to other fears such
as: fear of problem, fear of work, fear of fun, fear
of exploring and fear of abandonment.
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Contd Emotional Blocks
a. Fear of Problem We are inclined to worry when we view our situation
as a problem to be solved.
c. Fear of Fun Believe that fun is childish and a waste of time, yet
some of the best ideas come when we are relaxing or
fooling around.
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c. Cultural Blocks
i. Tradition is to be maintained.
ii. Playfulness is only for children
iii. Fantasies or dreams are for crazy people
iv. Comfortable zone
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d. Environmental Blocks
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ContdEnvironmental Blocks
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e. Intellectual/ Conceptual Blocks
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TYPES OF INNOVATION
There are 3 types of innovation :
a. Technological Innovation
b. Operational Innovation
c. Organizational Innovation
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a. Technological Innovation
These are breakthrough inventions that have wide-
reaching impact and influence which benefit society
and business.
Major breakthroughs can be radical and disruptive
for people, society, businesses and countries or the
whole world. Example; the internet.
They can change the way people live their lives, the
way companies do business and the way countries
govern and behave
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ContdTechnological Innovation
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ContdOperational Innovation
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Operational Innovation includes:
a. New systems or refinements to existing ones. For
example, internal systems and methods for many
aspects of work such as staff administration,
purchasing, distribution and sales.
b. Small improvements in operations or processes.
For example, changes to make equipment run
more effectively.
c. Minor improvements or developments that will
enhance it to a technological product.
d. Innovative new business practices. For example,
new ways for thinking strategically.
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c. Organizational Innovation
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How To Instill Organizational
Innovation?
a. Developing and instituting an innovative work
culture among the people within the company or
organization.
b. By enforcing work culture, company or
organization able to:
a. Change the way the staff work
b. Change their attitudes and mindsets
c. Improve their skills
d. Improve the methods they use to carry out
their work
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Examples of Organizational
Innovation
1. A CEO who accepts the challenge to be innovative
and encourages risk-taking (a spur to innovation) and
rewards good ideas as well as the successful
completion of projects (the results of innovation)
2. An organization where everyone understands the
many benefits of innovation. Even those who are not
directly involved in innovative work, such as production
people, recognize they have a part to play in
identifying better ways of doing things. They notice
whats going on around them and they find
opportunities or way for improvement.
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SOURCES OF INNOVATION
Within the Company or Industry
a. Unexpected occurrence (viagra, penicillin)
b. Incongruities (Federal Express)
c. Process needs (enzyme for cataract operation, sugar
free products)
d. Industry and market changes (advances in technology,
healthcare industry)
Sensitive to problems
Broad perspectives
Flexible and adaptable
Original thinker and stick-to-own opinion
Risk-taker
Motivated and dedicated
Curious
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END OF MODULE 3
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