CH 4 Work and Energy

Chapter 4
WORK & ENERGY
Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Topics
Work energy theorem

Applications of work energy theorem
Potential energy
Energy diagrams
Non-conservative forces
Law of conservation of energy
Power
Collisions

Work
Work is done when a force exerted on a body caused
the body to undergo a displacement.
Work W is defined as a dot product: W F s F s cos
The SI unit of work is the joule

1 joule = (1 newton)(1 meter) or 1 J = 1 Nm and 1 J = 1 kgm2/s2
Positive Work, Negative Work
and No Work
When 0 < 90o work is

positive
When 90o < 180o work is

negative
When = 90o
work is zero

The meaning of kinetic energy

Like work, the kinetic energy of a
particle is a scalar quantity; it
depends on only the particles mass
and speed, not its direction of
motion (Fig. 6.10).
The work done by the net force on a
particle equals the change in the
particles kinetic energy:

Work and energy with varying
forces
The work done by the force in the total
displacement from 1 to 2 is
approximately
In the limit that the number of segments

becomes very large and the width of each
becomes very small, this sum becomes
the integral of from 1 to 2 is

The integral represents the area under the curve between
x1 and x2.
On a graph of force as a function of position, the total work
done by the force is represented by the area under the
curve between the initial and final positions.

WorkEnergy Theorem for Straight-Line Motion,
Varying Forces
The work-energy theorem, Wtot = K2 K1, is true even when the force
varies with position.
This is the same equation as before, so the workenergy theorem is

valid even without the assumption that the net force is constant.
Consider the following equation Or
Integrating the above equation

Thus
and L.H.S can be written as
The unit of work and energy is

Work done by a force changes kinetic energy.

To find maximum height of m, at the highest point,
Thus

Work-Energy Theorem for
Motion Along a Curve

Consider,
Therefore,
Another form is
This

Consider
The work done by gravity is,

gravitational potential energy
Energy associated with

position is called potential
energy. This kind of energy
is a measure of the
potential or possibility for
work to be done.
The potential energy
associated with a bodys
weight and its height above
the ground is called
gravitational potential
energy.
gravitational potential energy
When a body moves downward,

gravity does positive work, kinetic
energy increases and gravitational
potential energy decreases.
When a body moves upward, gravity

does negative work. Kinetic energy
decreases and gravitational potential
energy increases
Gravitational Potential Energy For
Motion Along a Curved Path
This work is unaffected by any horizontal

motion that may occur. So we can use
the same expression for gravitational
potential energy whether the body's
path is curved or straight.

Conservation of mechanical
energy (gravitational forces only)
When the bodys weight is the only force acting on it while it
moves either up or down, say from y1 (v1) to y2 (v2),
Fnet = W = mg.
According to work-energy theorem, the total work done on the
body equals the change in the bodys kinetic energy:
K2 + Ugrav,2 = K1 + Ugrav,1 (if only gravity does work)
The sum K + Ugrav is called E, the total mechanical energy of the
system.
system means the body of mass m and the earth.

Forces other than gravity doing
work

Forces other than gravity doing
work
When Wother is positive, E increases, and K2 + Ugrav,2 is greater than

K1 + Ugrav,1.
When Wother is negative, E decreases.
In the special case in which no forces other than the bodys weight
do work, Wother = 0, the total mechanical energy is then constant,

CAUTION
Gravitational potential energy is relative, you can choose any
height as your zero point.
Gravitational potential energy Ugrav = mgy is a shared
property between Earth and the object.
For a conservative force,
To consider
It can be deduced that

Consider
In the case of harmonic oscillator

Consider a . If the
potential energy be taken as 0

To determine
Consider

The stability can be found from potential energy.

Energy diagram
Energy diagram is a graph used to show
energy as a function of x.
Lets consider a glider with mass m that
moves along the x-axis on an air track.
In this case Fx = -kx; U(x) = kx2.
If the elastic force of the spring is the only
horizontal force acting on the glider, the
total mechanical energy E = K + U is
constant, independent of x.

The potential energy curve for
motion of a particle
The direction of the force on a body is not determined by the sign of the
potential energy U rather, its the sign of Fx = -dU/dx that matters.
The physically significant quantity is the difference is the value of U
between two points, which is just what the derivative Fx = -dU/dx
measures.
This means that a constant may be added to the potential energy
function without changing the physics of the situation.

The potential energy curve for
motion of a particle

In energy diagrams,

Consider a particle acted by repulsive inverse square law force,

Conservative and Non-conservative
forces
When a force acting on an object, the objects total energy does not
change, only the form of energy changes, such as change from
kinetic to potential and vise versa. Such force is called conservative
force. Conservative forces have four properties:
1. It can be expressed as the difference between the initial and final

values of a potential-energy function.
2. It is reversible.
3. It is independent of the path of the body and depends only on the
starting and ending points.
4. When the starting and ending points are the same, the total work is
zero.
Examples of conservative forces: gravity, force from a spring

When the only forces that do work are conservative forces, the
total mechanical energy E = K + U is constant
Conservative forces
The work by a conservative force like gravity does not depend on the
path your hiking team chooses, only how high you climb.

Non-conservative forces
When a force acting on an object, the objects total energy changes.
Such force is called non conservative force. When non-
conservative force does work, the energy is not reversible.
Some non conservative forces, like kinetic friction or fluid resistance,

cause mechanical energy to be lost or dissipated; a force of this kind
is called a dissipative force.
There are also non conservative forces that increase mechanical

energy. The fragments of an exploding firecracker fly off with very
large kinetic energy. The forces unleashed by the chemical reaction
of gunpowder with oxygen are non conservative because the process
is not reversible.

Work done by friction
The absolute value of work done by friction equals to the change

in internal energy.
W fric U int
If there are only conservative forces and friction doing work:
K1 U1 U int K 2 U 2
K U U int 0

Hence, nonconservative work is

Power
Power is the time rate at which work is done.
Like work and energy, power is a scalar quantity.
If a certain force performs work Won a body in a time t , the
average power due to the force is
W
Pav
t
The rate at which work is done might not be constant. So the
instantaneous power P is defined as, the quotient in the above
equation as t approaches zero:
The instantaneous power P is
dW
P
dt
If the power is constant in time, thenP Pav.
Force and velocity

Elastic collisions
In an elastic collision, the total kinetic

energy of the system is the same after
the collision as before.
Figure 8.14 at the left illustrates an
elastic collision between air track
gliders.

Inelastic collisions
In an inelastic collision, the total

kinetic energy after the collision is
less than before the collision.
A collision in which the bodies stick
together is called a completely
inelastic collision (see Figure 8.15
at the right).
In any collision in which the external
forces can be neglected, the total
momentum is conserved.

If
After collision
Here

Example

Solution
a)
b)

In with the velocities as shown in the
sketch, the conservation laws give

(c)

Example

Solution

Problem 4

Gravitational force minus the centripetal force,
At the point where the particle leaves the sphere,
the normal force is zero

Problem 12

Consider the sketch where vBf and vAf are the velocities of A and B after
collision.
Then
-----(1)

Also from conservation of momentum
0 +0 =(2m) vBf cos 45o +(m) vAf cos
-----------(2)
Squaring and adding 1 and 2
2
vAf (cos 2 sin s 2 ) v02 2vBf2 2.828vBf v0 2vBf2
4v 2.828vBf v0 v v
2
Bf
2
0
2
Af
-------------(3)

From conservation of energy

Example (The ballistic pendulum)

Solution

Example

Solution
a)
b)
mg and s are in opposite dirn so ve sign .s is the distance taken from the ref level to the top and
mg is downwards so angle b/w them is 180

Thank you

CH 4 Work and Energy

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Chapter 4

WORK & ENERGY

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Work energy theorem

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

The SI unit of work is the joule

When 0 < 90o work is

When 90o < 180o work is

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

In the limit that the number of segments

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

This is the same equation as before, so the workenergy theorem is

Integrating the above equation

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

and L.H.S can be written as

The unit of work and energy is

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

The work done by gravity is,

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Energy associated with

When a body moves downward,

When a body moves upward, gravity

This work is unaffected by any horizontal

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

When Wother is positive, E increases, and K2 + Ugrav,2 is greater than

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

It can be deduced that

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

1. It can be expressed as the difference between the initial and final

Examples of conservative forces: gravity, force from a spring

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Some non conservative forces, like kinetic friction or fluid resistance,

There are also non conservative forces that increase mechanical

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

The absolute value of work done by friction equals to the change

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

In an elastic collision, the total kinetic

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

In an inelastic collision, the total

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus