One Tier Architecture

In the beginning, there were mainframes. Every program

and piece of data was stored in a single almighty machine.
Users could access this centralized Computer only by
means of dumb Terminals.
Two Tier Architecture
In this architecture, there is an application running in the
client machine which interacts with the servermost
commonly , a database Management system. Client act as
Front End and server act as Back End Implementation of
business rules either on front End or Back End.
Advantages
Simple structure
Easy to setup and maintain
Disadvantages
Complex application rules difficult to implement in
database server requires more code for the client

Complex application rules difficult to implement in

client and have poor performance

Changes to business logic not automatically enforced

by a server changes require new client side
software to be distributed and installed

Not portable to other database server platforms

Three Tier Architecture
In a three-tier architecture (also known as a multi-tier
architecture), there are three or more interacting tiers,
each with its own specific responsibilities (see Figure ):
Advantages

Complex application rules easy to implement in

application server

Business logic off-loaded from database server

and client, which improves performance

Changes to business logic automatically enforced

by server changes require only new application
server software to be installed
Disadvantages

More complex structure

More difficult to setup and maintain.

DATA WAREHOUSING (DWH)

A data warehouse is a collection of data

extracted from the operational or
transactional systems in a business,
transformed to clean up any
inconsistencies in identification coding
and definition, and then arranged to
support rapid reporting and analysis.
Reasons for a Data Warehouse
You want to clean up the quality of the data
to give consistency and data integrity. Many
systems do not have strict input validation and
garbage gets in ... duplicates e.g. same customer
entered more than once. Also there often
different definitions for the same subject or entity
within the business e.g. customer, client, prospect.

Most data warehouses are built using database

management software systems with the internal
data structure of a warehouse usually taking two
forms - star or snowflake
Reasons for a Data Warehouse
contd
There are a few more reasons why a data warehouse should
exist:
You want to integrate data across functions or systems
to provide a complete picture of the data subject e.g.
customer orders, customer complaints, salespersons. To do
this on the fly or run, would be time coming and
performance of your BI system would be poor.
You do not want to interfere with the fast performing
transaction systems by running large computer resource
queries and reports whilst routine users and possibly
customers are executing the essential business transactions.
You want to reorganize the data to support fast
reporting and querying.
Applications of data warehousing
OLAP : to anlyze complex data from the
data warehouse.
DSS : Also called as EIS ,supports an
organizations leading decision makers
with higher level data for complex and
important decisions.
OLTP: includes insertion , updation and
deletion of data online , while also
supporting information query
requirements.
DATA MINING
Data mining, the extraction of hidden predictive
information from large databases, is a powerful
new technology with great potential to help
companies focus on the most important
information in their data warehouses. Data
mining tools predict future trends and
behaviors, allowing businesses to make
proactive, knowledge-driven decisions.
DATA MINING contd
Most companies already collect and refine
massive quantities of data. Data mining
techniques can be implemented rapidly on
existing software and hardware platforms
to enhance the value of existing
information resources, and can be
integrated with new products and
systems as they are brought on-line