Fig.

10-1: Concept of multiplexing

 The two most common types of multiplexing

Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

Generally used for analog information.
Individual signals to be transmitted are assigned a
different frequency within a common bandwidth.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM)

Generally used for digital information.
Multiple signals are transmitted in different time slots
on a single channel.
FDM

In an FDM system, each signal to be transmitted

feeds a modulator circuit.
The carrier for each modulator (fc) is on a
different frequency.
The carriers are equally spaced from one
another.
These carriers are referred to as subcarriers.
Each input signal is given a portion of the
bandwidth.
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Assignment of non-overlapping frequency ranges to each user or signal on a
medium. Thus, all signals are transmitted at the same time, each using different
frequencies.
A multiplexor accepts inputs and assigns frequencies to each device.
The multiplexor is attached to a high-speed communications line.
A corresponding multiplexor, or demultiplexor, is on the end of the high-speed
line and separates the multiplexed signals.
Analog signaling is used to transmits the signals.
Broadcast radio and television, cable television, and the AMPS cellular phone
systems use frequency division multiplexing.
This technique is the oldest multiplexing technique.
Since it involves analog signaling, it is more susceptible to noise.
FDM: (a) block diagram
FDM: (b) frequency spectrum
The modulator outputs containing the sideband
information are added algebraically in a linear
mixer.
The resulting output signal is a composite of all
the modulated subcarriers.
This signal can be used to modulate a radio
transmitter, or can itself be transmitted over a
single channel.
The composite signal can also become one input
to another multiplexed system.
Example 10-1
A cable TV service uses a single coxial cable with
a bandwidth of 860 MHz to transmit multiple TV
signals to subscribers. Each TV signal is 6 MHz
wide. How many channels can be carried?

Solution:
Total channels = 860/6 = 143.33 or 143
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

In FDM, multiple signals are transmitted

over a single channel, each signal being
allocated a portion of the spectrum within
that bandwidth.
In time-division multiplexing (TDM),
each signal occupies the entire bandwidth
of the channel.
Each signal is transmitted for only a brief
period of time.
TDM is a technique used for transmitting
several message signals over a single
communication channel by dividing
the time frame into slots, one slot for
each message signal

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate digital

channels into one high-rate one.
Figure 10-14: Simple rotary-switch multiplexer
TDM: Transmitter
TDM: Receiver
TDM for 3 signals
 Synchronous TDM

1. Same Sampling rate for all signals.

2. Minimum Sampling rate = twice the
maximum frequency of all the signals.
3. Total number of samples transmitted per
second is equal to N times the sampling
rate, Fs plus sync pulses.
4. Transmission Bandwidth = N. Fs/2
 Asynchronous TDM

1. Different Sampling rate for different.

signals.
2. Sampling rate of a signal = twice the
maximum frequency of that signal.
3. Total number of samples transmitted per
second is equal to Sum of samples of all
the signals plus sync pulses.
 Problem-1
Two low-pass signals of equal bandwidth
are sampled and time division
multiplexed using PAM. The TDM signal is
passed through a Low-pass filter & then
transmitted over a channel with a
bandwidth of 10KHz.
Continued.
 Problem 1 : Solution

Channel Bandwidth = 10 KHz.

Number of samples that can be transmitted
through the channel = 20K
Maximum Sampling rate for each channel =
10K Samples/sec.
Maximum Frequency for each Signal = 5KHz
 Problem 2

Two signals g1(t) and g2(t) are to

transmitted over a common channel by
means of TDM. The highest frequency of
g1(t) is 1KHz and that of g2(t) is 1.3KHz.
What is the permissible sampling rate?
Ans: 2.6K samples/sec and above.
{ Synchronous TDM}
 Problem-3

Q. 24 voice signals are sampled uniformly and

then time division multiplexed . The sampling
operation uses the flat-top samples with
1microsec duration. The multiplexing
operation includes provision for
Synchronization by adding an extra pulse of
sufficient amplitude and also 1micro second.
Contd
Problem-3
Contd..
Assuming a sampling rate of 8KHz,
calculate the spacing between
successive pulses of the multiplexed
signal.
Problem-3: Solution
In One frame, Total number of pulses = 25.
Time duration for one time frame =
Ts = 125 seconds.
Time duration utilized by pulses = 25 sec
Time spacing between successive pulses
= (125- 25)/25 = 4 sec.
Problem-4
Three independent message signals of
bandwidths 1KHz, 1KHz and 2KHz
respectively are to be transmitted using
TDM scheme. Determine
a) Commutator segment arrangement
b) Speed of the commutator if all the signals
are sampled at its Nyquist rate.
c) Minimum Transmission bandwidth.
Problem-4: Solution
a) Commutator Segment arrangement.
g1(t)

g2(t) 2 1

g3(t)
3 4