ASSIGNMENT 2

PLANNING PHILOSOPHIES OF GREAT URBAN PLANNERS

URBAN PLANNING

SUBMITTED BY-
VIPUL.UTTAMCHANDANI
IVth YEAR B ARCH SEM VII,
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,
COE&T,AKOLA
 CONTENTS

1. PLANNING PHILOSOPHIES-
- PATRICK GEDDES
- EBENZER HOWARD
- LEWIS MUMFORD
- C.A.DOXIADIS
- PATRICK ABERCROMBIE

2. .AMRUT
3. .HRIDAY
4.. SMART CITIES MISSION
5. WESTERN GHAT
6. NCR
 SIR PATRICK GEDDES
Sir Patrick Geddes (2 October 1854 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer ,
philanthropist and pioneering town planner.
He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology.
A Scot who has been called the father of modern town planning,
He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term "conurbation
".
CONCEPTS
Patrick Geddes explained an organisms relationship to its environment as follows -The environment acts ,through function, upon the
organism and conversely the organism acts, through function, upon the environment.
In human terms this can be understood as a place acting through climatic and geographic processes upon people and thus shaping
them..
GEDDIAN TRIO REPRESENTATION GEDDES AND THE VALLEY SECTION
He emphasized that people do not merely needed shelter, but also food and work,
the recreation and social life. This makes the house an inseparable part of the Geddes first published his idea of the valley section in
neighbourhood, the city and the surrounding open country and the region. The 1909 to illustrate his idea of the 'region-city . The
town planning primarily meant establishing organic relationship among Folk place region is expressed in the city and the city spreads
and work, which corresponds to triad influence of the highest level into the region.
To put it another way, Geddes said that "it takes a
FOLK WORK PLACE whole region to make the city.
Organism Function Environment The valley section illustrated the application of
(Social aspect) (Economical aspect) (Physical aspect) Geddes's trilogy of 'folk/work/place' to analysis of the
region.
CONURBATION THEORY Geddes illustrated the section using the locally
available landscapes of Edinburgh and its hinterland.

The term "conurbation" was coined in 1915 by Patrick Geddes in his book
Cities In Evolution. Internationally, the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to
convey a similar meaning to "conurbation".
A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban
areas that, through population growth and physical expansion,have merged to form
one continuous urban and industrially developed area.
In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban agglomeration, in which
transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labour market or
travel to work area.
PATRICK GEDDES IN INDIA EXAMPLES OF CONURBATION
He came to India in 1915 at the invitation of Lord Pent land, the then Governor of Madras. He gave
his expert advice for the improvement of about eighteen major towns in India.

He laid emphasis on Survey before plan i.e. diagnosis before treatment to make a correct
diagnosis of various ills from which the town suffers and then prescribe the correct remedies for
its cure. These are the physical and social economic surveys.

He was the first man who introduced the sociological concept in the town planning.

His principles for town planning in Bombay demonstrate his views on the
relationship between social processes and spatial form, and the intimate and
causal connections between the social development of the individual and the
cultural and physical environment.
They included: (Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915")

Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial DELHI (NCR)
beautification
Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages.
Purchasing land suitable for building.
Promoting trade and commerce.
Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.
Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities.
Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than
focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich.
Control over future growth with adequate provision for future requirements.

CONSTELLATION THEORY
As we all saw in the map, prominent cities in Maharashtra are shown to be connected
forming a CONSTELLATION shape.
This CONSTELLATION THEORY was also coined by Sir Patrick Geddes , Four or more cities,
which are not economically, politically, socially equal come together in developing a whole
region
This theory is mostly used for administrative purpose in all countries worldwide.
Such theory is most prominently used because planning cities in a particular shape pattern LONDON (UK)
is not possible in Todays times.
 EBENEZER HOWARD(1850-1928)
A well-known sociologist, who after studying the industrialist evils in Britain gave the concept of Garden City; it
soon became the landmark in the history of town planning. He had an idea which he set forth in little book
entitled To-morrow, published in 1898 which later republished under the title of Garden City of To-morrow.
He explained his idea of Garden City by an impressive diagram of The Three Magnets namely the town magnet,
country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features of both
town and country life.
Naturally people preferred the third one namely Garden City. It made a deep impression in the field of town planning.

According to Howard:- GARDEN CITY

Settlement would be has advantages of both
urban and the rural life styles.
Would avoid all adverse qualities that make
everyday life more difficult.
So he hoped that a town built according to
garden city would be third magnet.
That would attract the most of the unhappy
inhabitants of the British suffocating
industrial cities ,and thus reslove one of the
biggest national problems of the time.
Keeping the land in single ownership, the possibility
of speculation and overcrowding would be eliminated
and the increment of value created by the community
in the industrial and commercial (shops) sets would
be preserved for it-self. It was a thorough going
experiment based on middle-class consumers
cooperation
Howards general principles, including the communal
ownership of the land and the permanent green belt
have been carried through on both cases, and the
garden cities have been a testing ground for technical
and planning improvements which have later
influenced all English, American, Canadian and
Australian planning, particularly in housing.
A town designed for healthy living and industry.
Town of a size that makes possible a full measure
of social life, but not larger.
Land will remain in a single ownership of the
community or held in trust for the community .
Not a colony, but a complete working city
of population about 30,000. A large central park
containing public buildings. Central park surrounded
by a shopping street. Central park
And shopping street are surrounded by dwellings
in all directions at density of 12 families /acre.
The outer circle of factories and industries.
The whole is surrounded by a permanent green
belt of 5000 acres. The town area is of about
1000 acres
In 1899, the garden city association was formed.
In 1903 Letch worth started, 35 miles from London,
town area: about 500 acres, designed for 35,000
persons, 3,000 acres of green belt. By 1947 it had
about 16,000 populations and about 100 factories.
In 1920 Welwyn started 2400 acres, 40000 persons
design capacity. By 1947, it had about 18,000
population and 70 factories.
LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY WELWYN GARDEN CITY
Welwyn was an area of
Letchworth was developed and owned by a company woodlands and open fields
called First Garden City, Ltd which was formed in 1903, before the garden city
based on the ideas of Howard. After Howard's book was constructed.
was published he worked to gain financial support to Welwyn was Howard's
bring his ideas into reality, Howard ran lectures on second Garden City after
Garden Cities and began the Garden City Association. Letchworth.Howard
Architecture in Welwyn
The Letchworth estate which was agricultural land, was has been described as
purchased from 15 individual owners. pleasant, and the residential
cottages with their wide
The Letchworth .Garden city was to sustain a population roads and open spaces
of between 30,000 and 35,000 people, make Welwyn a refreshing
picture when compared to
There would be a central town, agricultural belt, shops, London of the time.
factories, residences,civic centres and open spaces, After 10 years of existence
this division of land for specific purposes is now referred Welwyn had a population of
to as zoning and is an important practice within town planning. 10,000, with well established
residential, industrial and
Howard constructed Letchworth as an example of how the commercial zones.
Garden City could be achieved, and hoped that in its In 1930 the health of Welwyn
success many other towns would be built emulating the inhabitants was considered
same ideals. Some criticisms of greater than those living in
London, as Welwyn recorded
Letchworth exist, claims that it is too spacious and there lower death rates and infant
are few architecturally impressive designs. However, it mortality rates.
can be argued the space is what makes Letchworth pleasant, and
the architecture, while not highly impressive and uniform, has
consistency of colour and is satisfying to the needs of the people.

The increased health in Welwyn was understood

to be due to the principles of the Garden City.
 C.A.DOXIADIS
C. A. Doxiadis (14 May 1913
28 June 1975) was a Greek
architect and town planner.
He became known as the lead
architect of Islamabad, the
new capital of Pakistan, and
later as the father of Ekistics.
CONCEPT: EKISTICS
Ekistics as a science of human settlement and outlined its scope, aims,
intellectual framework and relevance.
A major incentive for the development of the science is the emergence of
increasingly large and complex settlements, tending to regional
conurbations and even to a worldwide city.
However, ekistics attempts to encompass all scales of human habitation
and seeks to learn from the archaeological and historical record by
looking not only at great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total
settlement pattern.

Doxiadis said It is only the beginning since the problems we are facing are not only multiple, but also acutely urgent, characteristic
of the critical situation which human settlements have now entered. If we wait for the proper development of a science of human
settlements, we may find ourselves overwhelmed by the rising tide of the problems. We may even lose the battle for such a science
since humanity may find no use of systematic theoretical thinking in a period of panic tension.
Doxiadis said When we try to classify the settlements according to their dimensions, we will soon realise that they do not belong to
easily definable categories of sizes but spread over the whole spectrum of possible sizes. Any such division will, therefore, have to
be somewhat arbitrary, but itmust also be an inherently satisfying and reasonable one.

c) Society e) Networks
ELEMENTS OF a) Nature
Population composition and density 1. Water supply systems
. Geological resources
EKISTICS . Topographical resources . Social stratification 2. Power supply systems
. Cultural patterns 3. Transportation systems
. Soil resources
. Economic development 4. Communication systems
There are Five elements . Water resources
. Education 5. Sewerage and drainage
of Ekistics namely . Plant life
. Health and welfare 6. Physical layout (Ekistic plan)
Nature . Animal life
Man Climate . Law and administration
Society
Shells
Networks d) Shells
b) Man
. Housing
Biological needs
. Community services
Sensation and perception
. Shopping centers and markets
Emotional needs
. Recreational facilities
Moral values
. Civic and business centers
Industry
. Transportation centers
 Sir Patrick Abercrombie 6 June 1879, 23 March 1957, was an English town planner
Educated at Uppingham School.
PATRICK ABERCROMBIE
Sir Patrick trained as an architect before becoming the Professor of Civic Design at
the Liverpool University School of Architecture in 1915, and later Professor of Town
Planning at University College London .

He is best known for the post-Second World War replanning of London.

He created the County of London Plan (1944) which are commonly referred to as
the Abercrombie Plan.

The latter document was an extended and more thorough product than the 1943
publication, and for Abercrombie it was an accumulation of nearly 50 years of experience
and knowledge in the field of planning and architecture.

He appears in the film The Proud City presenting his plan to the public.

He is the planner of many cities like Greater London ,Bristol ,etc.

He synthesized the theories of the Sir Patrick Geddes and

Sir Ebenezer Howard.
TOWN PLANNING He is the pioneer planner to advocate the Regional Planning.
PRINCIPLES:-
Civic survey to be carried out before planning diagnosis before
treatment like the diagnostic approach of Sir Patrick Geddes .

Planning not be done on piece meal basis ,Instead the town shall
be consided as a whole unit with respect to the entire region.

Uncontrolled growth of cities should be stopped.

Industries should be located on the outer areas of the towns.

LEWIS MUMFORD (1895 1990)
He an american Historian, sociologist,
philosopher of Technology, and
literary critic. Particularly noted for
his study of Cities and urban
architecture, he had A broad career
as a writer.
Mumford was influenced By the work of scottish Theorist sir patrick
Geddes and worked Closely with his associate The british sociologist
Victor branford. Mumford was also a contemporary and friend of frank
lloyd Wright, clarence stein, frederic osborn, edmund n. Bacon, and
Vannevar bush.
WORK
Mumford was a journalist, critic, and academician, whose
literary Output consisted of over 20 books and 1,000 articles
and reviews.
The topics of his writings ranged from art and literature to the
History of technology and urbanism. Mumford's earliest books in
The field of literary criticism have had a lasting impact on
Contemporary american literary criticism. His first book, the
Styd of utopia, was published in 1922.
In 1927 he became the editor of the american caravan
He later worked for the new yorker where he wrote architectural
Criticism and commentary on urban issues. Mumford's earliest
Mumford was optimistic about human abilities and wrote that the
Human race would use electricity and mass communication to
build A better world for all humankind.
URBAN CIVILIZATION
The city in history won the 1962 U.S. National book award for
Nonfiction. In this influential book mumford explored the development of
urban civilizations.
Mumford uses the example of the medieval city as the basis for the
"Ideal city," and claims that the modern city is too close to the roman city
which ended in collapse; if the modern city carries on in the same vein,
mumford argues, then it will meet the same fate as the roman city.
Mumford wrote critically of urban culture believing the city is "a
Product of earth . a fact of nature ..Man's method of expression."
Further, Mumford recognized the crises facing urban culture, distrusting
of the growing finance industry, political structures, fearful that a local
community culture was not being fostered by these institutions. Mumford
feared "metropolitan finance, urbanisation, politics, and alienation.
Mumford wrote: "the physical design of cities and their economic
functions are secondary to their relationship to the Natural environment
and to the spiritual values of human community."
.
SUBURBS
Suburbia did not escape mumford's criticism either:
In the suburb one might live and die without marring the image
Of an innocent world, except when some shadow of evil fell over a
column in The newspaper. Thus the suburb served as an asylum for the
preservation of Illusion. Here domesticity could prosper, oblivious of the
pervasive Regimentation beyond. This was not merely a child-centered
environment; it Was based on a childish view of the world, in which
reality was sacrificed to The pleasure principle.
Critical of urban sprawl.
The structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social
Problems.
Urban planning should emphasize an organic relationship between
People and their living spaces
 ATAL MISSION FOR REJUVENATION AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION (AMRUT)
The scheme was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in June 2015 with the focus of the urban renewal projects is to
establish infrastructure that could ensure adequate robust sewage networks and water supply for urban transformation.
The scheme is dependent with public private partnership
model(PPP) model.
THE MISSION
Providing basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban
transport) to households and build amenities in cities which
will improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor
and the disadvantaged is a national priority..
The Mission will focus on the following Thrust Areas:-
Water Supply,
. Sewerage facilities and septage management,
Storm Water drains to reduce flooding,
Pedestrian, non-motorized and public transport facilities,
parking spaces, and
Enhancing amenity value of cities by creating and upgrading
green spaces,parks and recreation centers, especially for children.
ELIGIBILITY
SAAP(State Annual Action Plans) is a consolidated plan of all the city
level SLIPs(Service Level Improvement Plans) of all proposed AMRUT
cities in the respective states.
A formulation on City level SLIP is done based on diligent estimation
of ambiguities in the availability of infrastructure like water supply,
sewerage network, draining system, transportation facilities,
available digital and internet facilities, industrial facilities etc.
135litres per capita per day is another factor in the process including
water supply and sewerage connections to all urban households.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the scheme are:
Planning, development and implementation of heritage-
sensitive infrastructure
Service delivery and infrastructure provisioning in the core
areas of the historic city
Preserve and revitalise heritage wherein tourists can
connect directly with citys unique character
Develop and document a heritage asset inventory of cities
natural, cultural, living and built heritage as a basis for urban
planning, growth, service provision and delivery
Implementation and enhancement of basic services delivery
with focus on sanitation services like public conveniences,
toilets, water taps, street lights, with use of latest
technologies in improving tourist facilities/amenities.
Local capacity enhancement for inclusive heritage-based
industry
Therefore, the purpose of atal mission for rejuvenation and
Urban transformation (AMRUT) is
To ensure that every household has access to a tap
with assured supply of Water and a sewerage
connection;
Increase the amenity value of cities by developing
greenery and Well maintained open spaces and
reduce pollution by switching to public transport or
constructing facilities
For non-motorized transport (e.G. Walking and cycling).
All these outcomes are valued by citizens, particularly
women, and indicators and standards have been
prescribed by the ministry of urban developmen
 HERITAGE CITY DEVELOPMENT AND AUGMENTATION YOJANA
National heritage city development and augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) was launched on 21 January 2015 with the aim of bringing
together urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner to preserve the heritage character of
each heritage city.
The scheme shall support development of core heritage infrastructure projects including revitalization of linked urban
infrastructure for heritage assets such as monuments, ghats, temples etc. Along with reviving certain intangible assets. These
initiatives shall include development of sanitation facilities, roads, public transportation & parking, citizen services, information
kiosks etc.
With a duration of 4 years (completing in november 2018) and a total outlay of 500 crore (us$78 million), the scheme is set to be
implemented in 12 identified cities namely, Ajmer, Amaravati, Amritsar, Badami, Dwarka, Gaya, Kanchipuram, Mathura, Puri,
Varanasi, Velankanni and Warangal.
The Scheme supports development of core heritage infrastructure projects which shall include revitalization of urban
infrastructure for areas around heritage assets identified / approved by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India and State
Governments.

OBJECTIVES :-
The main objective of HRIDAY is to preserve character of the soul of heritage city and facilitate inclusive heritage linked urban
development by exploring various avenues including involving private sector. Specific objectives are:-

Planning, development and implementation of heritage sensitive infrastructure.

Service delivery and infrastructure provisioning in historic city core areas.
Preserve and revitalize heritage wherein tourists can connect directly with citys unique character.
Develop and document a heritage asset inventory of cities natural, cultural, living and built heritage as a basis for urban
planning, growth and service provision & delivery.
Implementation and enhancement of basic services delivery with focus on sanitation services like public conveniences, toilets,
water taps, street lights with use of latest technologies in improving tourist facilities/amenities.
Local capacity enhancement for inclusive heritage-based industry.
Create effective linkages between tourism and cultural facilities and also the conservation of natural and built heritage.
Urban heritage adaptive rehabilitation and maintenance, including appropriate technologies for historic buildings retrofitting.
Establish and manage effective public private partnership for adaptive urban rehabilitation.Development and promotion of core
tangible economic activities to enhance avenues of livelihoods amongst stakeholders.
This would also include necessary skill development amongst them including making public spaces accessible and developing
cultural spaces.Making cities informative with use of modern ICT tools and making cities secure with modern surveillance and
security apparatus like CCTV etc.
Increase accessibility i.e. physical access (roads as well as universal design) and intellectual access (i.e. digital heritage and
GIS mapping of historical locations/ tourist maps and routes.
 WESTERN GHAT REGION PLAN

Western ghats Regional Development Programme was one of the major Programmes initiated by the planning commission under Hill
Area Development.
OBJECTIVES
To prevent floods and to protect the villages and lands from disastrous rains.
Development of western ghats regions in harmony with the environment & conservation of its fragile eco-system
To achieve a balance between beneficiary-oriented and infrastructures development programmes keeping in view the vital
importance of ecological importance and conservation.

APPROACH
Implemented on an integrated watershed basis to improve the management of land & water
involving various departments like agriculture, horticulture, forest & animal husbandry.
A separate western Ghats development programmed (wgdp) was launched in 1974-75 as a part of
the programmed for the development of hill areas of the country.
The delineation of the western Ghats region for inclusion in the programmed was settled in 1981
by the one-man committee headed by Dr. M.S. Swami Nathan, the then member-in charge of the
hill areas in the planning commission.
The programmed is being implemented in 159 talukas comprising of the western Ghats in five
states viz. Maharashtra (62 talukas), Karnataka (40 talukas), Kerala (29 talukas), Tamil nadir (25
talukas) and goa (3 talukas).
The objective of the wgdp during the fifth five year plan, when the
programmed was introduced, laid emphasis on the economic well being
of the population in hill areas and exploitation of the resources of the
hilly region. The sixth plan stressed the need for a balance between
beneficiary oriented and infrastructural development schemes, keeping
in view the vital importance of ecological restoration and conservation
the financing pattern of special central assistance (SCA) earmarked to
WGDP is allocated FIV
Population (except goa in which case adhoc allocation of 5% of the total
SCA is made, as goa's share works out to be negligible by adopting the
same criteria of weightage of area and population).
The project has been under implementation in Shimoga, Mysore,
Hassan, Chickmagalur, Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Belgaum, Uttara Kannada,
Chamarajanagar, Kodagu and Dhr wad districts.
 NCR
National capital region (NCR) is a unique example of inter-state regional planning and development for a region with nct-delhi as
its core. The NCR as notified covers the whole of nct-delhi and certain districts of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan,
covering an area of about 53,817 sq. Kms. The sub-region wise area details are as under

SUB- REGION NAME OF THE DISTRICTS AREA (IN SQ .M)

HARYANA
FARIDABAD, GURGAON, MEWAT, ROHTAK,
SONEPAT, REWARI, JHAJJHAR, PANIPAT, PALWAL,
BHIWANI (INCLUDING CHARKHI DADRI), MAHEND
RAGARH, JIND AND KARNAL (THIRTEEN DISTRICTS). 25,327

UTTAR PRADESH MEERUT, GHAZIABAD, GAUTAM BUDH NAGAR, BUL

ANDSHAHR, BAGHPAT, HAPUR AND MUZAFFARNAGAR
(SEVEN DISTRICTS). 13,560

RAJASTHAN ALWAR AND BHARATPUR (TWO DISTRICTS). 13,447

DELHI WHOLE OF NCT DELHI. 1,483

The National Capital Region (NCR) is a coordinated planning region centered upon the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India.

It encompasses the entire NCT of Delhi and several districts surrounding it from the states of Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh and Rajasthan.

The NCR and the associated National Capital Region Planning Board were created in 1985 to plan the development of the region
and to evolve harmonized policies for the control of land-uses and development of infrastructure in the region. Prominent cities of
NCR include Delhi, Ghaziabad, Faridabad , Gurgaon , Noida and Muzaffarnagar

The NCR is a rural-urban region, with a population of over 46,069,000 and an urbanization level of 62.6%.

As well as the cities and towns the NCR contains ecologically sensitive areas like the Aravalli ridge, forests, wildlife and bird
sanctuaries.

The Delhi Extended Urban Agglomeration, a part of the NCR, contributed $370 billion or roughly 4% to the Indian economy
(measured in terms of GDP PPP) in 2015-16.
 SMART CITY MISSION
Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting program by the Government of India with a mission to develop 100 cities all
over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable. The Union Ministry of Urban Development is responsible for
implementing the mission in collaboration with the state governments of the respective cities.

The Government of India has launched the Smart Cities Mission on 25 June2015.
The objective is to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its
citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of Smart Solutions.
The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will
act like a lighthouse to other aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission is meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and
outside the Smart City, catalys ing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country.
Comprehensive development in this way will improve quality of life, create employment and enhance incomes for all, especially
the poor and the disadvantaged, leading to inclusive cities.

Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic data
collection sensors to supply information used to manage assets and resources
efficiently. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, and assets that is
processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation
systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law
enforcement, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other
community services the smart city concept integrates information and
communication technology (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the
network (the internet of things or iot) to optimize the efficiency of city operations
and services and connect to citizens. Smart city technology allows city officials
to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor
what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving Information and
communication technology (ICT) is used to enhance quality, performance and
interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and
to increase contact between citizens and government.Smart city applications
are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses. A smart
city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a
simple "transactional" relationship with
its citizens.