PARAPRHASING, MENGUTIP TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

DAN MENYUSUN DAFTAR PUSTAKA

TRISNAWATI, S.Si, M.Kes

 Sasaran Pembelajaran

Mahasiswa mampu:
1. Menjelaskan dan menyusun paraphrase
2. Menjelaskan cara mengutip tinjauan pustaka
3. Menyusun daftar pustaka menurut sistem
Vancouver
 PARAPHRASING
Definisi
Parafrasa: penguraian kembali suatu teks
(karangan) dalam bentuk (susunan kata)
yang lain, dengan maksud untuk dapat
menjelaskan makna yang tersembunyi
(KBBI, 2014).
What is quoting and paraphrasing?

Estivana, 2016
When do we quote?

Estivana, 2016
When do we paraphrase?
1. Better than quoting from an undistiguished passage
2. lebih baik daripada meng-quote dari ...
3. Resist the temptation to quote too much
4. menolak godaan untuk meng-quote terlalu banyak
5. Mental process requires in paraphrasing helps to
grasp the full meaning of the original text
6. Mental process (mungkin maksudnya skill?) perlu
dalam paraphrasing untuk menyerap seluruh makna
dari teks asli.
Estivana,
2016
How can we pharaprase?
1. When reading a passage, try to understand it as a whole
2. saat membaca ringkasan, pahami secara utuh.
3. Be selective; choose and summarize the material that helps
you make a point in your paper
4. selektif, pilih dan ringkas materi untuk membuat point-point
di paper.
5. Think of what your own words would be
6. gunakan kata-kata sendiri
7. Remember that you can use direct quotation of phrases
8. bisa menggunakan kutipan langsung dari frasa.

Estivana,
2016
Methods of paraphrasing
1. Can be conducted for
texts that are easy to
comprehend
2. For more difficult texts:
While looking at the text,
first change the
structure; then change
the words

Estivana,
2016
Methods of paraphrasing
Original text
Love and Toil maintains that
family survival was the mothers
main charge among the large
majority of Londons population
who were poor or working class;
the emotional and intellectual
nurture of her child or children
and even their actual comfort
were forced into the background.
To mother was to work for and
organize household subsistence.
(p.9)
Estivana,
First, change the structure
Choose a different starting
point in the passage based
on the focus of your paper
In this case, you can start
with Mothers main
charge.. or The poor or
working class ..
Or you can focus it on the
people to make it more
clear and less abstract. i.e:
the mother or the children
Methods changing the structure
Original text
Love and Toil maintains that
family survival was the others
main charge among the large
majority of Londons population
who were poor or working class;
the emotional and intellectual
nurture of her child or children
and even their actual comfort
were forced into the background.
To mother was to work for and
organize household subsistence.
(p.9)
Estivana,
Paraphrased version (changing
structure)
Children of the poor at the turn
of the century received little if
any emotional or intellectual
nurturing from their mothers,
whose main charge was family
survival. Working for and
organizing household
subsistence were what defined
mothering. Next to this, even the
childrens basic comfort was
forced into the background (Ross,
1995).
 Methods change the words
Original text
Love and Toil maintains that
family survival was the others
main charge among the large
majority of Londons population
who were poor or working class;
the emotional and intellectual
nurture of her child or children
and even their actual comfort
were forced into the background.
To mother was to work for and
organize household subsistence.
(p.9)
Estivana,
2016
Final paraphrased version
According to Ross (1993), poor
children at the turn of the century
received little mothering in our
sense of the term. Mothering was
defined by economic status, and
among the poor, a mothers
foremost responsibility was not to
stimulate her childrens minds or
foster their emotional growth but
to provide food and shelter to meet
the basic requirements for physical
survival. Given the magnitude of
this task, children were deprived of
even the actual comfort (p. 9) we
expect mothers to provide today
Paraphrase vs plagiarism
Original text
Students frequently overuse
direct quotation in taking notes,
and as a result they overuse
quotations in the final [research]
paper. Probably only about 10%
of your final manuscript should
appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you should
strive to limit the amount of
exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes.
Lester, James D. Writing
Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976):
46-47.
Estivana,
Effective Paraphrasing
In research papers students often
quote excessively, failing to keep
quoted material down to a
desirable level. Since the problem
usually originates during note
taking, it is essential to minimize
the material recorded verbatim
(Lester 46-47).
Plagiarized version
Students often use too many
direct quotations when they take
notes, resulting in too many of
them in the final research paper.
In fact, probably only about 10%
of the final copy should consist of
directly quoted material. So it is
important to limit the amount of
source material copied while
taking notes.
 REFERENCE
Referencing is a standardized method of
acknowledging sources of information and ideas that
you have used in your paper.
Direct quotqtions , facts, figures, from published and
unpublised works must be referenced.
There are many acceptable forms referencing the
vancouver style is predominantly used in the medical
field
The reference list should appear at the end of the
paper with the entries list numerically and in the
same order that they were cited in the text.
Sungkar, 2015
 Why reference?

To avoid plagiarism
To verify quotations
To enable readers to follow-up and read more
fully the cited authors

Sungkar, 2015
 What is citation?

When we use another persons idea in our paper,

either by referring to their ideas, or by
including a direct quotation, we must
acknowledge this in the text of the paper. This
acknowledgement is called citation.

Sungkar, 2015
 In-text citations
Citations within the text of the paper are
identified by arabic numbers in round brackets
or in superscript superscript may be
preferred but the endNote referencing style
software uses the arabic number in brackets eg
(2).
A number must be used even if thr author(s) is
named in the sentence e.g. Smith10 has argued
that...........

Sungkar, 2015
 In-text citations
The original number assigned to the refence is reused
each time the reference is cited in the text, regardless
of its previous position in the text
When multiple references are cited, use a hyphen to
join the first and last numbers that are inclusive. Use
commas (without spaces) to separate non-inclusive
numbers in a multiple citation e.g. 2,3,4,5,7,10 is
abbreviated to 2-5,7,10
Do not use a hyphen if there are no citation numbers
in between e.g. 1-2

Sungkar, 2015
 In-text citations
The placement of citation numbers within text
should be carefully considered; a particular reference
may be relevant to only part of a sentence
E.e: there have been efforts to replace mouse
inoculation testing in vitro test, such as ELISA57,60 or
PCR20-22 but it still experimental
As general rule, reference numbers should be placed
outside full stops and commas
E.g: Moir and Jessel maintain that the sexes are
interhangeable.1
Sungkar, 2015
 If a work has more than one author, use et al
after the first author
Eg: Simons et al3 ....................
If you cite a new work which has the same
author and was written in the same year as an
earlier citation, each work will have a different
number
Eg: communication of science ........................
is an accurate.4,5
Sungkar, 2015
 Paraphrasing much better than to use
many quotations when you write.
Note: copy paste Undang-undang, Al-
quran, dll ....

Sungkar, 2015
 Secondary References
Secondary references are when an author
refers to another authors work and the
primery source is not available. When citing
such work the author of the primary source
and the author of the work it was cited in
should be used
Eg: According to colluzi and Pappagallo as
cited by Holding et al7 most
patients .........................
Sungkar, 2015
 Dalam teks: Higgins15 discusses Newmans
research in his work................
Dalam daftar pustaka: Higgins D.Horozons: the
poetics and theory of the intermedia. Illionis:
Southern Illionis University Press; 1984.

Sungkar, 2015
 Articles in Journal
Format:
Authors
Article tittle
Journal tittle
Date of publication
Volume
Number
Pagination

Sungkar, 2015
 Authors
List name in the order they appear in the text
Enter surname (family or last name) first for
each author
Convert given (first) names and middle names
to initials, for a maximum of two initials
following each surname
Separate author names from each other by a
comma and a space
Eg: Suryono IA, Sungkar S, Aswin L.
Sungkar, 2015
 Surnames with hypens and other
punctuation in them
Keep hyphens:
Ahmed El-Assmy El-Assmy A

Keep particles:
Alan D. OBrien OBrien AD

Omit all other punctuation in surenames

Charles A.St James St James CA

Sungkar, 2015
 Other surname rules
Keep prefixes in surnames
Gerard de Pouvourville de Pouvourville G

Keep compound surnames even if no hypen

appears
Jaime Mier y Teran Mier y Teran J

Sungkar, 2015
 Given names containing punctuation a
prefix, preposition, or particle
Disregard hypens joining given (first or middle)
names
Jean-Louis Lagrot Lagrot JL

Use only the first letter of given names and

middle names when they contain a prefix, a
preposition, or other particle
W. St. Jhon Patterson Patterson WS

Sungkar, 2015
 Disregard traditional abbreviations of
given names
Use only first letter
C. Fr. Erdman Erdman CF

For non-english names

Lu. A. Lakontov Lakontov LuA

Gelar kebangsaan, seperti Raden

Sungkar, 2015
 No author
If no person or organization can be identified
as the author and no editors or translators are
given, begin the reference with the tittle of
the article. DO NOT USE ANONYMOUS

Eg: new accredation product approved

for .............and home care programs. Jt Comm
Perspect. 2005. May; 25(5): 8.
Sungkar, 2015
 Abbreviations in affiliations
Academy Acad.
Association Assoc.
Company Co.
College Coll.
Corporation Corp.
Department Dept.
Institute or Institution Inst.
University Univ.
Sungkar, 2015
 Degrees, titles, and honors before or
after a personal name
Omit degreea, titles, and honors that follow a
personal name, such as M.D
Katherine schmidt, Ph.D Schmidt K

Omit rank and honors that precede a name,

such as colonel or sir
Dr. Kristine Eberhard Eberhard K

Sungkar, 2015
 Articles in journal
Standard journal article
Judul: sentences case huruf depan saja
yang ditulis dalam kapital, kecuali singkatan
Organization as author
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.
Hypertension, Insulin, and proinsulin in
participants with impaired glucose tolerence.
Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86

Sungkar, 2015
 Both personal authors and organization as
author
Vallancien G, Emberton M, Harving N, van
Moorselaar RJ;Alf-One Study Group,. Sexual
dysfunction in 1,274 European men suffering
from lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol.
2003;169(6):2257-61

Sungkar, 2015
 No author given
21st century heart solution may have a sting
in the tail. BMJ. 2002;325(7357):184

Article not in English (edited 12 May 2009)

Optional translation of article title
(MEDLINE/PubMed practice)

Type of article indicated as needed

Tor M, Turker H. International approaches to
the prescription of long-term oxygen therapy
(letter). Eur Respir J. 2002;20(1):242

Sungkar, 2015
 Personal author(s)
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS. Medical Microbiology. 4th
ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002

Editor(s), compliler(s) as author

Gilstrap LC 3rd, Cunningham FG, VanDorsten JP,
editors. Operative obstetrics. 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill: 2002

Author(s) and editor(s)

Breedlove GK, Schorfheide AM. Adolescent
pregnancy. 2nd ed. Wieczorek RR, editor. White
Plains (NY): March of Dimes Education Services;2001
Sungkar, 2015
 Organization(s) as author (edited 12 May 2009)
Advanced Life Support Group. Acute medical
emergencies: the practical approach. London: BMJ
Books;2001. 454 p.

Chapter in a book
Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome
alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B,
Kinzler KW, editors. The Genetic basic if human
cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill;2002.

Sungkar, 2015
 Conference proceedings
Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell
tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour
Conference;2001 sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York:
Springer;2002

Dissertation
Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a
telephone survey of Hispanic Americans
(dissertation). Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan
University;2002

Sungkar, 2015
 Newspaper article
Tynan T. Medical improvements lower
homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate.
The Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12, Sect. A.2
(col.4).

Map
Pratt B, Flick P, Vynne C, cartographers.
Biodiversity hotspots (map). Washington:
Conservation International;2002
Sungkar, 2015
 Dictionary and similar references
Dorlands illustrated medical dictionary. 29th
ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000.
Filamin;p.675.
Journal article on the internet
Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in
nursing homes. Am J Nurs. 2002 Jun (cited
2002 Aug 12);available from:
http://www.nursingworld.org
AJN/2002/june/Watch.htmArticle

Sungkar, 2015
 Monograph on the internet
Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative
care for cancer (internet). Washington: National
Academy Press;2001(cited 2002 Jul 9)

Homepage/web.site
Cancer-Pain.org(internet). New York. Association of
Cancer Online Resources, Inc.;c2000-01 (updated
2002 May 16. cited 2002 Jul 9)

Sungkar, 2015
 Blogs
a. KidneyNotes.com (internet). New York:
Kidney notes. C2006. (cited 2009 feb 13)

b. Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJs blog

on health and the business of health (internet).
Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones &
Company, Inc. C2007. (cited 2009 feb 13)

Sungkar, 2015
 CD-ROM
Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Andersons
electronic atlas of hematology (CD-ROM).
Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
TERIMA KASIH