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Readings
Caves, R., Frankel, J., and R. Jones, (2007) World Trade and Payments: an Introduction, 10th edition,
Pearson International Edition
KA and ORT: acquisition of foreign assets debit (import of assets from abroad)
and vice versa
Direct investment made by Serbian company in B&H (debit in Serbia)
Investment of Scottish bank in Serbias T-bills (credit in Serbia)
When the National Bank of Serbia buys Euro, as a reserve asset (debit in Serbia)
Double-entry Bookkeeping
Every transaction booked twice - debit and credit, because otherwise the BoP would
imply that someone is giving up something for nothing
Is there such case?
Paying for asset purchases (e.g. German company buys a hotel in Serbia)
Debit: banking flows in Serbia
Credit: direct investment
The Balances
Net flows usually matters more than gross flows
Negative Balance of trade in goods and services (deficit) can be financed either by:
investment income and transfers
borrowings and investments (KA) or
reserve loss (ORT)
Modern view: as the exchange rate is floating (e.g. managed floating FX regime), can the
change in ORT affect the CA?
If a country is running short on reserves, will it reduce its import?
If a country is running large KA surplus, will it be more prone to import?
Case of Yugoslavia in early 1980s
Statistical Errors
Statistics does not observe directly debit and credit side of the transaction
some transactions are valued incorrectly or one side of transaction is ommitted
Therefore, if debit does not equal credit, the difference between the sum of debit and the
sum of credit is called statistical discrepancy or errors and ommissions
e.g. unmeasured net inflow of money (capital flights going informally)
What should be the World total sum of the current account balances?
EU: CA Statistics
Problem 1 (pp. 288)