CHAPTER 1

CHARLY CLARA
KATHLEEN FERNANDEZ
LIZETTE MARIANO
RICA CAUZO
STATISTICS
PREPARED BY:
CHARLY U. CLARA
 STATISTICS
A scientific body of
knowledge that deals with the
collection, organization or
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
 ORIGIN OF
STATISTICS
Derived from Latin word Status or Italian word Statista
which means Political State or a Government.

GOTTFRIED ACHENWALL used the word statistik in

1749.
(science of the state)
Starts in Egypt list of all family heads

2030 B.C. 3,800,000 estimated population in Judea

435 B.C. the first Roman census was taken and

repeated 69 times in the next 470 years of Roman
history.
Middle Ages William the Conqueror
ordered a survey for purpose of
taxation and military service.

16th Century Die Tabellen Statistik

was published. (statistical handbook)

1532 Henry VIII started the

registration of deaths especially
during the period of plague.
Abraham de Moivre

Karl Pearson, Marguis de

Laplace, and Carl Friedrich
Gauss

Sir Ronald Fisher of 20th century

 APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
In Business,
- sales, production and expenditures
In Education,
- analyzing test scores
In Psychology,
- interpretation of aptitude and IQ test
In Politics and Government,
- public opinion and election polls
 In Medicine
- determining the effectiveness of a
new drug

In Agriculture
- crop production and yields

In Entertainment
- ratings and popularity
Mo- Mode
MR- mid-range
Md-sample median
Q1-lower first quartile
Q2-median second quartile
Q3-upper third quartile
1.Descriptive Statistics- Collects
and describes numerical data to
yield meaningful information.

2.Inferential Statistics- Concerned

with the analysis of data in order
to draw conclusion like decisions,
predictions or generalization
about the data set.
VARIABLES
PREPARED BY:
ANNA LIZETTE
MARIANO
IN MATH ALGEBRA VARIABLE
REPRESENT AS QUANTITY LIKE ( X OR Y).
AND IF A NUMBER ISNT VARIABLE IT'S A
CONSTANT.
 VARIABLE IN STATISTICS
One of the basic concepts in
statistics.
Certain category
Ex: weight, height, sex, age,
status.
VARIABLE IN STATISTICS
Divided:
Quantitative variables
Qualitative variables
 QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES
Express in numerical values.
Ex:
1. High school grade point
average.
2. Number of pets owned.
 QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Gen. rule.
If you can add it, its quantitative.
Example:
1. a GPA of 1.00 and a GPA of 1.25
can be added together (1.00 +
1.25 = 2.25), so that means its
quantitative.
 QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

Also called a categorical

variable
non- numerical
It describes data that fits into
categories.
 QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

Example:
1. Eye colors (blue, green, brown, hazel)
 QUALITATIVE VARIABLES

Example:
2. Dog breed ( German shepherd, husky, shit Tzu)
 As a general rule, if you can apply
some kind of math ( like addition),
its a quantitative Variable.
Otherwise, its qualitative
For example:
You cant add blue plus green
(unless your in an art class,,..
Even then you mix them you dont
add them.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES
Discrete variables
(finite)
Continuous variables
(infinite)
 DISCRETE VARIABLES

Must be in a finite set

Something that can be
counted
A variable that can only take
on a certain number of values
 DISCRETE VARIABLES

Example:
1. Points on a 10-point rating
scale.
- If your graded on a 10-
point scale, the only possible
values are 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
and 10.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

Must be in a infinite set

Can assume any
numerical value at a
specified interval of
values.
 CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

Example:
1. Time it takes a computer to complete a
task.
- You might think you can count it, but time
is often rounded up to convenient intervals
like, second on millisecond. Time is actually
a continuum: it could take 1.3 seconds or
could take 1.33333333 seconds.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Predictor
Predict the value of one variable
The variable that stands alone
Ex: The teacher teaching
techniques affect the students active
participation.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Predicted
Variable which is affected or influence
by the other variable.
ex: There is 100 items in math test,
then let say that there are 50 students
in class, of those students pass
and the other failed.
STATISTICS

REPORTER :
KATHLEEN C.
FERNANDEZ
The most common symbol or notation
used in statistics is the SUMMATION
NOTATION or simply NOTATION ( )

= 1 + 2 + 3 + +
=1
General Formula for sumation
(Read as the summation of X sub I,from i=1 to
n)
Where
,the
symbol for summation
i=1 is the lower limit
n= is the upper limit
=is the different values of observation of x
i=denotes the position of each value in the
set of data
 Writing in the summation notation:
100
1.) 1 + 2 + 3 + . + 100 =

=1

2.) (4 + 5) + (5 + 5) + 6 + 5 + 20 + 5 =
2

( +
=75)
 27

3.) 7 7 + 8 8 + + 27 27 =
=4
EXPANDING THE SUMMATION
NOTATION :
10
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

=X +X +X +X +X +X + +
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
=3 2
10
15

3 = 3X8+ 3X9 + 3X10+ 3X

11 + 3X
12 + 3X
13 + 3X
+
=8 3X

5
=1 1 + 1 = (1 + 1 ) + (2 + 2 ) +

(3 + 3 ) + ( 4 + 4 ) + (5 + 5 )
 4
= + + + 1 =1 1 =2
1.) = 2 + 4 + 5 + 8 2 =3 2 =4
=1 = 19 3 =6 3 =5
4 =7 4 =8
4

2. (1 + 1 ) = 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4
) =2
= (4+3) +
(5+6) + (8+7)
=
7+11+15
= 33