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LEVELING SURVEY
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
Learning Outcomes
Explain the basic principle of leveling process,
Set up and carry out adjustment of a level
instrument, book leveling data, adjust for errors,
Carry out reductions of field observations and
apply checks to leveling work, and
Explain the concept of cross-sections and profiles
BS Rod FS Rod
Reading Reading
BS (+) FS (-)
1.037m 0.895m
A: known B: unknown
elevation Datum: elev = 0.000m elevation
Foresight (FS)
Always the last reading from the current instrument
station.
Intermediate Sight (IS)
Any sighting that is not a backsight or a foresight.
Change Point (CP)
Location of the staff when the level is moved. Changed
point should be
Stable,
Well defined
Leveling Staff
This is the instrument where the vertical distance
above or below the horizontal surface is read off. It
may be telescopic or folding, extending to a
length usually of 4m or
5m and graduated to be
easily read in the field of
view of the level
telescope.
Builders Level
Builders level is a low accuracy instrument which is
used for short range leveling such as setting out on
building sites.
Tilting Levels
Automatic Levels
Automatic level is almost universal now.
Automatic Levels
Observation Procedures
Consider a series of measurements of level loop
as shown.
1.055m 1.451m
0.927 1.295m
m
BM A (elev. 0.713m 1.835m
134.685m)
TP1
TP2
Booking Procedures
Two methods of leveling field book and
computation.
Rise & Fall, and
Height of Collimation
CHEKS
BS= FS= RISE= FALL= R.L(B)=
5.798 2.460 4.146 0.808 34.855
FS= FALL= R.L (T)=
2.460 0.808 31.517
+3.338 +3.338 +3.338
With Wisdom, We Explore
www.uthm.edu.my
BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCE ADJUSTM REDUCE DIST. REMARK
LEVEL ENT LEVEL (A)
2.390 31.517
1.502 0.514
1.415 0.087
CHECKS
o Page checks
o Compute closure
o based on endpoint
o define allowable closure
o compared field closure to allowable
closure
o apply correction
CHEKS
BS= FS= RISE= FALL= R.L(B)=
5.798 2.460 4.146 0.808 34.855
FS= FALL= R.L (T)=
2.460 0.808 31.517
+3.338 +3.338 +3.338
Height of
Collimation
CHEKS
BS= FS= R.L(B)=
5.798 2.460 34.855
FS= R.L (T)=
2.460 31.517
+3.338 +3.338
Constant Errors
Non-Vertically of staff,
Collimation error of instrument, and
Staff graduation errors.
Random Error/Accidental
Weather-strong wind/ground shimmer,
Movement of the change point, and
Human error-eyesight peculiarities
Horizontal
BS = FS
Sight top the same staff first
Dont take reading lower than 0.5m
With Wisdom, We Explore
Errors & how to eliminate
www.uthm.edu.my
o Sighting errors
o Minimize line of sight
o Compare readings on left and right hand side of the
staff
o Instrument errors
o Adjust of the circular bubble
o Staff errors
o Graduation errors
o Staff not verticality