Purpose of an Engineering Drawing

An engineering drawing is not an illustration

It is a specification of the size and shape of a part
or assembly
The important information on a drawing is the dimension
& tolerance of all of its features
 Engineering Drawings

Drawings communicate three things about

the objects they represent :
Shape Views communicate the shape of an
object

Size Dimensions communicate the size of an

object

Other information Notes communicate non-

graphic information about manufacturing
processes such as drill, ream, bore, paint, plate,
 Types of Drawing

Detailed Part Drawings

Contains all the information required for
manufacturing

Assembly Drawings
Contains all the necessary information required
for Assembly
 Part Drawings

Detail drawings completely describe a single part

with multiview orthographic projections

Should provide all the information necessary to

economically manufacture a high quality part
 Assembly Drawings

Assembly drawings are used to show the position and

functional relationship of parts in an assembly, also via
multiview orthographic projections

Generally they have no dimensions on them

Parts are 'balloon' identified and referenced to either

detail drawing numbers or catalog numbers, via a Bill
of Materials (BOM)
 General Drawing Rules Views

The general characteristics of an object will determine

what views are required to describe its shape

Most objects can be described using three properly

selected views
Sometimes you can use fewer
However, sometimes more are needed
 Orthographic Projections

There are two type of projections.

First Angle

Third Angle
 Drawing Views

Why do we need
three views?

The Front and Top

views of both parts are
identical

The Right side view is

necessary to show the
characteristic shape
 Orthographic Projections

Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D

drawings that work together to give an accurate
overall representation of an object
 Defining the Six Principal
Views or Orthographic Views
 Defining the Six Principal
Views or Orthographic Views
 Glass Box Approach

Most powerful technique to understand

orthographic projections

Suspend the object with transparent strings

inside a glass box

Freeze the view from each direction (each of the

six sides of the box) and unfold the box

Animation illustrates glass-box approach

Glass Box Concept
Glass Box Concept
The glass box concept theorizes
that
an object is suspended inside a
six-sided glass cube (notice the
use
of hidden lines on the glass
box,
depicting lines that would not
be
visible from the given
perspective)
Glass Box Concept

As the object is viewed from

a
specific Orientation
(perpendicular to one of the
sides of the cube) visual
rays
project from the object to
the
Projection plan.These
projectors are always
parallel
to each other
Glass Box Concept
The objects image is
formed
on the projection plane
by
the pierce points of the
visual rays
Glass Box Concept

The process is repeated to

construct the right side vi
on the profile plane
Glass Box Concept

Similarly, the top view is

projected to the horizontal
plane
Glass Box Concept
For many three-dimensional
objects, two to three
orthographic views are
sufficient
to describe their geometry
Glass Box Concept
The box can be
unfolded to
Show the multiple views
in
a single x-y plane
 Glass Box Concept

Because the observation

point
is located at infinity, the
integrity
TOP of feature size and location
are
maintained, and the views
are
oriented orthogonally in
relationship to each other

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

 Glass Box Concept
Notice that the projectors or
extension lines, are
perpendicular to the folding
lines of the glass box (Fold lines
and extension lines are drawn
very lightly, when used, and
TOP are not part of the finished
drawing)

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

 Line Types

Object Lines thick

Hidden Lines thin

thin
Center Lines
thin
Phantom Lines
thin
Dimension Lines
Extension Lines
Leader Lines
thick
Cutting Plane Line

Sections - Hatching thin thick

 Material Representation

Cast Iron (General Use) White Metal (Zinc) Sand

Steel Magnesium, Aluminum Titanium

Felt, Leather & Fiber Bronze, Brass, etc. Concrete

Marble, Slate, Glass, etc. Water, Liquids Wood, Cross Grain

With Grain
 Layout Planning

Planning Your Engineering Layout:

Before starting your drg. One should plan to utlise

the space properly

Decide the no. of views the drg. should have

Space the dimensions properly

 Which Views to Present?

General Guidelines

Pick a Front View that is most descriptive of object

Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the

width (or depth)

Most common combination of views is to use:

Front, Top, and Side View

Any other view different from the Principal Views

 Dimensioning Standards

Dimensioning standards determine things such as

arrowhead style and dimension text position

The Tutorial drawing template uses the ISO

standard

ISO stands for International Organization

for Standardization

ISO is widely used in European

countries
 Dimensioning Standards

ANSI is widely used in the United States

ANSI stands for American National Standards

Institute

Other standards include BSI (British Standards

Institution) and DIN (Deutsche Industries-Normen)

Customize the drawing template to use the ANSI

 Types of
Dimensioning
Size & Location Dimesioning
Detail Dimesioning
Unidirectional or Aligned dimensioning?
 Types of
Dimensioning
Parallel Dimensioning :
Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions
originating from one projection line
 Types of
Dimensioning
Superimposed Running Dimensioning :
Simplifies parallel dimn. in order to reduce the space used
on a drg. The common origin for the dimn. lines are
indicated by a small circle at the intersection of the dimn.
& the projection line.
In gen. all other dimn. Lines are broken.
The dimn. Note can appear above the dimn line or inline
with the projection line
 Types of
Dimensioning
Chain Dimensioning :
This type of dimn. Should only be used if the function of the
object wont be affected by the accumulation of the
tolerances
 Types of
Dimensioning
Combined Dimensioning :
A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel
dimensioning
 Types of
Dimensioning
Dimensioning by Co-ordinates:
Two sets of superimposed running dimns. Running at right
angles can be used with any features which need their
centre points defined, such as holes
 Types of
Dimensioning
Simplified Dimensioning by Co-ordinates:
It is also possible to simplify co- ordiante dimns. By using
a table to identify features & positions
 Types of
Dimensioning
Dimensioning Small Features :
When dimensioning small features, placing the dimn.
Arrow between projection lines may create a drg which is
difficult to read. In order to clarify dimns. On small features
any of the below methods can be used.
 Types of
Dimensioning
Dimensioning - An Overview :
A dimensioned drawing should provide all the information necessary
for a finished product or part to be manufactured

Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines

Two projection lines indicate where the dimension starts and finishes

Projection lines do not touch the object and are drawn perpendicular to the
element you are dimensioning

All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written
as 0.35

.
Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, or the
same information given in two different ways

Incorrect
Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, or the
same information given in two different ways
No unnecessary dimensions should be used
only those needed to produce or inspect the part

Incorrect
No unnecessary dimensions should be used
only those needed to produce or inspect the part
Dimensions should be attached to the view that
best shows the contour of the feature to be dimensioned

Incorrect
Dimensions should be attached to the view that
best shows the contour of the feature to be dimensioned