all are of the dust, and all turn

to dust again Ecclesiastes

Birth and Death of stars in our Galaxy

Have stars nurseries and stars retirement

homes in the Milky Way their own preferred
places or are they distributed randomly ?

Tal Kopler and Matan Markovich

Tshernihovski School, Netanya, Israel.
 Birth and Death of the stars: 1. Birth
A Star is born from clouds of gas. At the moment of birth it illuminates the
remnants of its mother, the nebula. HII-regions (of the ionized Hydrogen)
surround all the young stars = stars nursery. Bright mother-nebula around the
newborn star is the first exhalation of the star-baby. This part of the stars life
is very short millions of years.
After this picturesque birth, the star lives a long time quietly by slowly
digesting the primary hydrogen in her belly.
Stars with big mass (O,B) have high temperature in the centre => high
temperature of the surface (more blue) and luminosity (energy loss), therefore
their life is bright and short, as for each hero.
Stars with low mass (G,K,M) have low temperature inside, low energy release
and surface temperature (more red), therefore their life is very long and dim.
Stars birth from Sky-Watch data Library:
 Birth and Death of the stars: 2. Death
A star dies after it finishes all of the resource of its mothers primary matter (H
,He,).
In its last moment, the star explodes (the last screech - stars agony) and eject
to space its external layer.
The ejected gas form a Planetary Nebula around stellar remnant (white dwarf).
The nebula expands and scatters very fast (millions years). However, the white
dwarf slowly loses its inner heat, and slowly dies away after billions of years.
For big mass stars final explosion ejects almost all stellar mass (SN=Super
Nova) and forms a stellar remnant (neutron star or black hole).
Planetary Nebulae and SN-remnant from Sky-Watch data Library:
 Stellar Evolution and stellar colors
Most of the stars are in the
state of Main Sequence
like a traffic jam.
On the Herzsprung-Rassel
diagram of luminosity vs.
color short-aged massive
stars with blue color and
high brightness are
situated in the top-left
corner.
In opposite, long-aged stars
with low mass with red
color and low brightness
are situated in the bottom-
right corner.
 Milky Way Galaxy Evolution
Our Galaxy was born from a slow rotated gas cloud. The mass of the Galaxy is
about hundred billion Sun.
First stars born in this cloud billions of years ago in the form of globular
clusters. They contained millions of stars. Today, in these clusters remains only
low mass red stars with long life span.
Galaxy gas cloud slowly collapsed into a flat disc (centrifugal force prevented
the rotated gas to collapse to the center)
Spiral arms in the gas disc the preferable place for birth of new stars
(massive, blue, bright are among them)
 Why Do We Research the Distribution
of Stars in the Milky Way?

There are many billions of stars in the Galaxy, with

catalogues of them already created.
The location of stars with known age in Galaxy
could give us clues about the Milky Ways evolution.
In order to better understand the life-cycle of stars in
our Galaxy, we must first understand where are their
birth and death places.
 Strategy of Research
Method: to test distributions in our Galaxy for
different types of objects:
Very young stars immediately after birth, with HII-
regions around them - first exhalation of star-baby.
Very old globular clusters of red stars.
Planetary nebulae last shout of the recently dead
stars.
Open Clusters of very young stars in the Milky Way

Source of data: AstroTop program, Blossom of Science, Israel

Coordinates: right ascension, declination
 Detailed Research: Globular Clusters of
Old Red Stars
Source: Catalogue of 151 Milky Way globular clusters.
For what use: Position of the globular clusters on the
sky.
Conclusion: old GC are distributed anywhere with
concentration to Centre of Galaxy Milky Way
Distribution of the Galaxy Clobular Cluster on the sky coordinates
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Declination

10
0
-10 Center
-20 Galaxy
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
Right Ascention
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
 Detailed research: Open Clusters of Young
Stars
Source: Catalogue of 1638 Milky Way open clusters
For what use: position of the open clusters on the sky.
Conclusion: young open clusters concentrate to flat disc of
the Milky Way Galaxy without any special focus to the Centre
of the Galaxy
Distribution of Galaxy Open Clusters on the sky coordinates
90
70
50
Declination (deg)

30

10
-10

-30
-50
-70
-90
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Right Ascension
 Detailed Research: HII Regions Around
Young Stars Formation Place
Source: Catalogue of 313 HII regions of the northern sky.
For what use: Position of HII-regions on the sky
Conclusion: HII regions around young stars concentrate to
flat disc of the Milky Way Galaxy without any special focus to
the Centre of the Galaxy.
Distribution of HII-regions on the sky coordinates
90

60

30
declination

-30

-60

right ascension
-90
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
 Detailed Research: Planetary Nebulae
Around Dying Stars
Source: Catalogue of 2113 Planetary Nebulae - positions on
the sky
Conclusion: Planetary Nebulae around dying stars divide into 2 groups:
One is in the flat disc of the Milky Way Galaxy and the other is dispersed
on the sky. There is concentration in the Centre of the Galaxy.
Distribution of the Galaxy Planetary Nebulas on the sky coordinates
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
declination

20
10
0
-10
-20 Centre
-30 Galaxy
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
right ascension
-90
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
 Summary result
Summary distribution shows that newborn and dying stars, so
as their nebulae have different position in our Milky Way,
reflecting stellar and Galaxy evolution
Open Clusters
HII Distribution of the Planetary Nebulas, HII Regions, Globular
Globular Clusters
Planetary Nebulae Clusters and Open Clusters of our Galaxy in the sky

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
declination

20
10
0
-10
-20
-30 Centre
-40
-50 Galaxy
-60
-70
-80
-90 right ascension
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
 Future Work
To continue work with another group of
Milky Way object (pulsars, black holes,
Supernova remnants, X-ray stars, )

To continue this work comparing Milky

Way images in different parts of
electromagnetic spectra, reflecting
different groups of objects-emitters
(radio, infrared, optical, UV, X-ray).
 Future Work with Robotic Telescopes of
Sky-Watch
Images of the nearest galaxies in different emission lines:
a) Emission lines of HII regions (young stars)
b) Emission lines of Planetary Nebula (old stars)
To test for nearest galaxies is it also true for them, that
young and old stars have preferred places in their galaxy.